Vybrique (sildenafil citrate) film

For most patients, the recommended dosage is 50 mg orally administered on the tongue, taken as needed, approximately 1 hour before sexual activity. However, VYBRIQUE may be taken anywhere from 30 minutes to 4 hours before sexual activity. The maximum recommended dosing frequency is once per day. 

Based on effectiveness and tolerability the dosage may be increased to a maximum recommended dose of 100 mg or decreased to 25 mg, not to exceed once per day. For administration instructions, see Dosage and Administration ( 2.4 ).

Nitrates

Concomitant use of nitrates in any form is contraindicated [ see Contraindications ( 4.1 ), Drug Interactions ( 7.1 ) and Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.2 ) ] .

Alpha Blockers

Initiate VYBRIQUE at 25 mg orally in patients on concomitant therapy with an alpha-blocker. Patients should be stable on alpha-blocker therapy prior to initiating VYBRIQUE  [ see Warnings and   Precautions   ( 5.5 ), Drug Interactions ( 7.2 ), and Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.2 ) ].  For administration instructions, see Dosage and Administration ( 2.4 ).

Ritonavir

The maximum recommended dose and dosing frequency is 25 mg orally taken once within a 48-hour period in ritonavir-treated patients. Concomitant administration of ritonavir increased the blood levels of sildenafil by 11-fold [ see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.6 ), Drug Interactions ( 7.4 ), and Clinical  Pharmacology ( 12.3 ) ]. For administration instructions, see Dosage and Administration ( 2.4 ).

Other CYP3A4 Inhibitors

The recommended starting dosage is 25 mg orally, in patients taking strong CYP3A4 inhibitors (e.g., ketoconazole, itraconazole, or saquinavir) or erythromycin. Clinical data have shown that co-administration with saquinavir or erythromycin increased blood levels of sildenafil by about 3-fold [ see Drug Interactions ( 7.4 ) and Clinical  Pharmacology ( 12.3 ) ]. For administration instructions, see Dosage and Administration ( 2.4 ).

Age   G reater than 6 5 years

The recommended starting dosage is 25 mg orally in patients greater than 65 years of age [see   Use in Specific Populations ( 8.5 )]. For administration instructions, see Dosage and Administration ( 2.4 ).

Renal Impairment

The recommended starting dosage is 25 mg orally, in patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance less than 30 mL/minute). The recommended starting dosage is 50 mg, in patients with mild (creatinine clearance 50 to 80 mL/min) and moderate (creatinine clearance 30 to 49 mL/min) renal impairment  [see   Use in Speci fic Populations( 8.6 ) and Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 ) ].  For administration instructions, see Dosage and Administration ( 2.4 ).

Hepatic Impairment

The recommended starting dosage is 25 mg orally in patients with any degree of hepatic impairment. In volunteers with mild and moderate degrees of hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class A and B), sildenafil clearance was reduced, resulting in higher plasma exposure of sildenafil (47% for Cmax and 85% for AUC), and the pharmacokinetics of sildenafil in patients with severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class C) have not been studied [see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.7 ) and Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )]. For administration instructions, see Dosage and Administration ( 2.4 ).

Administer VYBRIQUE orally with or without food. Place the oral film directly onto the tongue, where it will disintegrate and can then be swallowed with saliva without the need for water or other liquids. Do not cut or chew VYBRIQUE.

Consistent with its known effects on the nitric oxide/cGMP pathway [ see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.1 , 12.2 ) ] ,  VYBRIQUE potentiates the hypotensive effects of nitrates, and its administration to patients who are using nitric oxide donors such as organic nitrates or organic nitrites in any form either regularly and/or intermittently is therefore contraindicated. 

After patients have taken VYBRIQUE it is unknown when nitrates, if necessary, can be safely administered. Although plasma levels of sildenafil at 24 hours post dose are much lower than at peak concentration, it is unknown whether nitrates can be safely co-administered at this time point [ see Dosage and Administration  ( 2.2 ), Drug Interactions ( 7.1 ), and Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.2 ) ].

VYBRIQUE is contraindicated in patients with a known hypersensitivity to sildenafil or any VYBRIQUE component. Hypersensitivity reactions, including rash and urticaria, have been reported  [ see Adverse Reactions ( 6.1 ) ] .

Do not use VYBRIQUE in patients who are using a GC stimulator, such as riociguat. PDE5 inhibitors, including VYBRIQUE, may potentiate the hypotensive effects of GC stimulators.

General

There is a potential for cardiac risk of sexual activity in patients with preexisting cardiovascular disease. Therefore, treatments for erectile dysfunction, including VYBRIQUE should not be used in men for whom sexual activity is inadvisable because of their underlying cardiovascular status.

The following groups of patients were not included in clinical safety and efficacy trials for sildenafil, and therefore, until further information is available, VYBRIQUE is not recommended for use in the following groups:

• Patients who have suffered a myocardial infarction, stroke, or life-threatening arrhythmia within the last 6 months
• Patients with resting hypotension (BP <90/50 mmHg) or hypertension (BP >170/110 mmHg)
• Patients with cardiac failure or coronary artery disease causing unstable angina.

Blood Pressure Decreases

Patients with left ventricular outflow obstruction (e.g., aortic stenosis, idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis) and those with severely impaired autonomic control of blood pressure can be sensitive to the actions of vasodilators, including VYBRIQUE.

As with other PDE5 inhibitors, VYBRIQUE has systemic vasodilatory properties that resulted in transient decreases in supine blood pressure in healthy volunteers. In healthy subjects aged 18 to 45 years, VYBRIQUE 100 mg resulted in mean maximal decreases relative to placebo of 6 mmHg systolic and 3 mmHg diastolic. In healthy subjects aged 65 years and older, VYBRIQUE 100 mg resulted in mean maximal decreases relative to placebo of 14 mmHg systolic and 8 mmHg diastolic [ see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.2 ) ].

Prior to prescribing VYBRIQUE, carefully consider whether patients with underlying cardiovascular disease could be affected adversely by such vasodilatory effects, especially in combination with sexual activity.

Prolonged erection greater than 4 hours and priapism (painful erections greater than 6 hours in duration) have been reported infrequently since market approval of sildenafil. In the event of an erection that persists longer than 4 hours, instruct the patient to seek immediate medical assistance. If priapism is not treated immediately, penile tissue damage and permanent loss of potency could result.

Use VYBRIQUE with caution in patients with anatomical deformation of the penis (such as angulation, cavernosal fibrosis or Peyronie’s disease), or in patients who have conditions which may predispose them to priapism (such as sickle cell anemia, multiple myeloma, or leukemia).

Advise patients to stop use of all phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors, including VYBRIQUE and seek medical attention in the event of a sudden loss of vision in one or both eyes. Such an event may be a sign of non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION), a rare condition and a cause of decreased vision including permanent loss of vision, that has been reported rarely post-marketing in temporal association with the use of all PDE5 inhibitors. Based on published literature, the annual incidence of NAION is 2.5-11.8 cases per 100,000 in males aged 50 years and older.

An observational case-crossover study evaluated the risk of NAION when PDE5 inhibitor use, as a class, occurred immediately before NAION onset (within 5 half-lives), compared to PDE5 inhibitor use in a prior time period. The results suggest an approximate 2-fold increase in the risk of NAION, with a risk estimate of 2.15 (95% CI 1.06, 4.34). A similar study reported a consistent result, with a risk estimate of 2.27 (95% CI 0.99, 5.20). Other risk factors for NAION, such as the presence of “crowded” optic disc, may have contributed to the occurrence of NAION in these studies.

Neither the rare post-marketing reports, nor the association of PDE5 inhibitor use and NAION in the observational studies, substantiate a causal relationship between PDE5 inhibitor use and NAION [see   Adverse   Reactions ( 6.2 ) ] . 

Consider whether patients with underlying NAION risk factors could be adversely affected by use of PDE5 inhibitors. Individuals who have already experienced NAION are at increased risk of NAION recurrence. Therefore, use PDE5 inhibitors, including VYBRIQUE with caution in these patients and only when the anticipated benefits outweigh the risks. Individuals with “crowded” optic disc are also considered at greater risk for NAION compared to the general population, however, evidence is insufficient to support screening of prospective users of PDE5 inhibitors, including VYBRIQUE, for this uncommon condition. 

Patients with known hereditary degenerative retinal disorders, including retinitis pigmentosa, were not included in the sildenafil citrate clinical trials, and use in these patients is not recommended.

Advise patients to stop taking PDE5 inhibitors, including VYBRIQUE and seek prompt medical attention in the event of sudden decrease or loss of hearing. These events, which may be accompanied by tinnitus and dizziness, have been reported in temporal association to the intake of PDE5 inhibitors, including sildenafil. It is not possible to determine whether these events are related directly to the use of PDE5 inhibitors or to other factors [ see Adverse Reactions ( 6.1 , 6.2 ) ].

Alpha-blockers

Caution is advised when PDE5 inhibitors are co-administered with alpha-blockers. PDE5 inhibitors, including sildenafil, and alpha-adrenergic blocking agents are both vasodilators with blood pressure lowering effects. When vasodilators are used in combination, an additive effect on blood pressure may occur. In some patients, concomitant use of these two drug classes can lower blood pressure significantly  [ see Drug Interactions ( 7.2 )   and Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.2 ) ] leadingto symptomatic hypotension (e.g., dizziness, lightheadedness, fainting).

Consider the following:

• Patients should be stable on alpha-blocker therapy prior to initiating a PDE5 inhibitor. Patients who demonstrate hemodynamic instability on alpha-blocker therapy alone are at increased risk of symptomatic hypotension with concomitant use of PDE5 inhibitors.
  
• In patients who are stable on alpha-blocker therapy, PDE5 inhibitors should be initiated at the lowest dose [see  Dosage and Administration ( 2.2 ) ] .
  
• In patients already taking an optimized dose of a PDE5 inhibitor, alpha-blocker therapy should be initiated at the lowest dose. Stepwise increase in alpha-blocker dose may be associated with further lowering of blood pressure when taking a PDE5 inhibitor.
  
• Safety of combined use of PDE5 inhibitors and alpha-blockers may be affected by other variables, including intravascular volume depletion and other antihypertensive drugs.

Antihypertensives

VYBRIQUE has systemic vasodilatory properties and may further lower blood pressure in patients taking antihypertensive medications.

When amlodipine, 5 mg or 10 mg, and sildenafil 100 mg were orally administered concomitantly to hypertensive patients, mean additional blood pressure reductions of 8 mmHg systolic and 7 mmHg diastolic were noted [see  Drug Interactions ( 7.3 ) and Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.2 ) ].

The concomitant administration of the protease inhibitor ritonavir substantially increases serum concentrations of sildenafil (11-fold increase in AUC). Data from subjects exposed to high systemic levels of sildenafil are limited. Decreased blood pressure, syncope, and prolonged erection were reported in some healthy volunteers exposed to high doses of sildenafil (200-800 mg). To decrease the chance of adverse reactions in patients taking ritonavir, the maximum recommended dosage and dosing frequency of VYBRIQUE is 25 mg once in a 48-hour period   [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.2 ), Drug Interactions ( 7.4 ), and Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 ) ].

The safety and efficacy of combinations of VYBRIQUE with other PDE5 inhibitors, including pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) treatments containing sildenafil or other treatments for erectile dysfunction, have not been studied. Such combinations may further lower blood pressure. Therefore, the use of such combinations is not recommended.

There have been postmarketing reports of bleeding events in patients who have taken sildenafil. A causal relationship between sildenafil and these events has not been established. In humans, sildenafil has no effect on bleeding time when taken alone or with aspirin. However, in vitro studies with human platelets indicate that sildenafil potentiates the antiaggregatory effect of sodium nitroprusside (a nitric oxide donor). In addition, the combination of heparin and sildenafil had an additive effect on bleeding time in the anesthetized rabbit, but this interaction has not been studied in humans.

The safety of sildenafil is unknown in patients with bleeding disorders and patients with active peptic ulceration.

The use of VYBRIQUE offers no protection against sexually transmitted diseases. Counseling of patients about the protective measures necessary to guard against sexually transmitted diseases, including the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), should be considered.

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.

Sildenafil was administered to over 3700 patients (aged 19-87 years) during pre-marketing clinical trials worldwide. Over 550 patients were treated for longer than one year. 

In placebo-controlled clinical studies, the discontinuation rate due to adverse reactions for sildenafil (2.5%) was not significantly different from placebo (2.3%). 

In fixed-dose studies, the incidence of some adverse reactions increased with dose. The type of adverse events in flexible-dose studies was similar to that for fixed dose studies. At doses above the recommended dose range, adverse reactions were similar to those detailed in Table 1 but generally were reported more frequently.

When sildenafil was taken as recommended (on an as-needed basis) in flexible-dose, placebo-controlled clinical trials of two to twenty-six weeks duration, patients took sildenafil at least once weekly, and the following adverse reactions were reported:

When VYBRIQUE was taken as recommended (on an as-needed basis) in a flexible-dose, placebo-controlled clinical trial of twelve weeks duration, patients took VYBRIQUE at least once weekly, not more than once per day, and the following adverse reactions were reported:  

In this study, none of the patients discontinued due to adverse reactions to VYBRIQUE.

The following events occurred in <2% of patients in controlled clinical trials of sildenafil; a causal relationship to sildenafil is uncertain. Reported events include those with a plausible relation to drug use; omitted are minor events and reports too imprecise to be meaningful:

Body as a Whole:face edema, photosensitivity reaction, shock, asthenia, pain, chills, accidental fall, abdominal pain, allergic reaction, chest pain, accidental injury.

Cardiovascular:angina pectoris, AV block, migraine, syncope, tachycardia, palpitation, hypotension, postural hypotension, myocardial ischemia, cerebral thrombosis, cardiac arrest, heart failure, abnormal electrocardiogram, cardiomyopathy.

Digestive:vomiting, glossitis, colitis, dysphagia, gastritis, gastroenteritis, esophagitis, stomatitis, dry mouth, liver function tests abnormal, rectal hemorrhage, gingivitis.

Hemic and Lymphatic:anemia and leukopenia.

Metabolic and Nutritional:thirst, edema, gout, unstable diabetes, hyperglycemia, peripheral edema, hyperuricemia, hypoglycemic reaction, hypernatremia.

Musculoskeletal:arthritis, arthrosis, myalgia, tendon rupture, tenosynovitis, bone pain, myasthenia, synovitis.

Nervous:ataxia, hypertonia, neuralgia, neuropathy, paresthesia, tremor, vertigo, depression, insomnia, somnolence, abnormal dreams, reflexes decreased, hypesthesia.

Respiratory:asthma, dyspnea, laryngitis, pharyngitis, sinusitis, bronchitis, sputum increased, cough increased.

Skin and Appendages:urticaria, herpes simplex, pruritus, sweating, skin ulcer, contact dermatitis, exfoliative dermatitis.

Special Senses:sudden decrease or loss of hearing, mydriasis, conjunctivitis, photophobia, tinnitus, eye pain, ear pain, eye hemorrhage, cataract, dry eyes.

Urogenital:cystitis, nocturia, urinary frequency, breast enlargement, urinary incontinence, abnormal ejaculation, genital edema and anorgasmia.

Analysis of the safety database from sildenafil controlled clinical trials showed no apparent difference in adverse reactions in patients taking sildenafil with and without antihypertensive medication. This analysis was performed retrospectively and was not powered to detect any pre-specified difference in adverse reactions.

The following adverse reactions have been identified during post approval use of sildenafil. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. These events have been chosen for inclusion either due to their seriousness, reporting frequency, lack of clear alternative causation, or a combination of these factors.

Cardiovascular and C erebrovascular :serious cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and vascular events, including myocardial infarction, sudden cardiac death, ventricular arrhythmia, cerebrovascular hemorrhage, transient ischemic attack, hypertension, subarachnoid and intracerebral hemorrhages, and pulmonary hemorrhage have been reported post-marketing in temporal association with the use of sildenafil. Most, but not all, of these patients had preexisting cardiovascular risk factors. Many of these events were reported to occur during or shortly after sexual activity, and a few were reported to occur shortly after the use of sildenafil without sexual activity. Others were reported to have occurred hours to days after the use of sildenafil and sexual activity. It is not possible to determine whether these events are related directly to sildenafil, to sexual activity, to the patient’s underlying cardiovascular disease, to a combination of these factors, or to other factors [see  Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 ) and Patient Counseling Information ( 17 ) ].

Hemic and Lymphatic: vaso-occlusive crisis: In a small, prematurely terminated study of sildenafil in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) secondary to sickle cell disease, vaso-occlusive crises requiring hospitalization were more commonly reported in patients who received sildenafil than in those randomized to placebo. The clinical relevance of this finding to men treated with sildenafil for ED is not known.

Nervous:seizure, seizure recurrence, anxiety, and transient global amnesia.

Respiratory:epistaxis

Special senses:

Hearing:Cases of sudden decrease or loss of hearing have been reported postmarketing in temporal association with the use of PDE5 inhibitors, including sildenafil. In some of the cases, medical conditions and other factors were reported that may have also played a role in the otologic adverse events. In many cases, medical follow-up information was limited. It is not possible to determine whether these reported events are related directly to the use of sildenafil, to the patient’s underlying risk factors for hearing loss, a combination of these factors, or to other factors [ see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4 ) , Patient Counseling Information ( 17 )].

Ocular:diplopia, temporary vision loss/decreased vision, ocular redness or bloodshot appearance, ocular burning, ocular swelling/pressure, increased intraocular pressure, retinal edema, retinal vascular disease or bleeding, and vitreous traction/detachment.

Non-arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION), a cause of decreased vision including permanent loss of vision, has been reported rarely post-marketing in temporal association with the use of phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors, including sildenafil. Most, but not all, of these patients had underlying anatomic or vascular risk factors for developing NAION, including but not necessarily limited to: low cup to disc ratio (“crowded disc”), age over 50, diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease, hyperlipidemia and smoking [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.3 ) ,  Patient Counseling Information ( 17 ) ].

Urogenital: prolonged erection, priapism [ see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.2 ) and Patient Counseling   Information ( 17 )],and hematuria.

Administration of sildenafil with nitric oxide donors such as organic nitrates or organic nitrites in any form is contraindicated. Consistent with its known effects on the nitric oxide/cGMP pathway, sildenafil was shown to potentiate the hypotensive effects of nitrates [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.2 ), Contraindications ( 4.1 ), Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.2 )] .

Use caution when co-administering alpha-blockers with sildenafil because of potential additive blood pressure lowering effects. When sildenafil is co-administered with an alpha-blocker, patients should be stable on alpha blocker therapy prior to initiating sildenafil treatment and sildenafil should be initiated at the lowest dose [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.2 ),Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5 ), Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.2 ) ].

When sildenafil 100 mg was co-administered with amlodipine (5 mg or 10 mg) to hypertensive patients, the mean additional reduction on supine blood pressure was 8 mmHg systolic and 7 mmHg diastolic [ see Warnings   and Precautions ( 5.5 ), Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.2 )].

Co-administration of ritonavir, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, greatly increased the systemic exposure of sildenafil (11-fold increase in AUC). It is therefore recommended not to exceed a maximum single dose of 25 mg of sildenafil in a 48 hour period [ see Dosage and Administration ( 2.2 ), Warnings and Precautions ( 5.6 ), Clinical   Pharmacology ( 12.3 ) ].

Co-administration of erythromycin, a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor, resulted in 160% and 182% increases in sildenafil Cmax and AUC, respectively. Co-administration of saquinavir, a strong CYP3A4 inhibitor, resulted in 140% and 210% increases in sildenafil Cmax and AUC, respectively. Stronger CYP3A4 inhibitors such as ketoconazole or itraconazole could be expected to have greater effects than seen with saquinavir. A starting dose of 25 mg of sildenafil should be considered in patients taking erythromycin or strong CYP3A4 inhibitors (such as saquinavir, ketoconazole, itraconazole) [ see  Dosage and Administration ( 2.2 ), Clinical Pharmacology   ( 12.3 ) ]. 

In a drug-drug interaction study of sildenafil 50 mg given with alcohol 0.5 g/kg, in which mean maximum blood alcohol levels of 0.08% was achieved, sildenafil did not potentiate the hypotensive effect of alcohol in healthy volunteers [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.2 ) ] .

Risk Summary

VYBRIQUE  is not indicated for use in females. 

There are no data with the use of VYBRIQUE  in pregnant women to inform any drug-associated risks for adverse developmental outcomes. Animal reproduction studies conducted with sildenafil did not show adverse developmental outcomes when administered during organogenesis in rats and rabbits at oral doses up to 16 and 32 times, respectively, the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 100 mg/day on a mg/m2 basis ( see Data).

Data

Animal Data

No evidence of teratogenicity, embryotoxicity or fetotoxicity was observed in rats and rabbits which received oral doses up to 200 mg/kg/day during organogenesis. These doses represent, respectively, about 16 and 32 times the MRHD on a mg/m2 basis in a 50 kg subject. In the rat pre- and postnatal development study, the no observed adverse effect dose was 30 mg/kg/day given for 36 days, about 2 times the MRHD on a mg/m2 basis in a 50 kg subject.

Risk Summary

VYBRIQUE  is not indicated for use in females.

Limited data indicate that sildenafil and its active metabolite are present in human milk. There is no information on the effects on the breastfed child, or the effects on milk production.

VYBRIQUE is not indicated for use in pediatric patients. Safety and effectiveness have not been established in pediatric patients.

Healthy elderly volunteers (65 years or over) had a reduced clearance of sildenafil resulting in approximately 84% and 107% higher plasma AUC values of sildenafil and its active N-desmethyl metabolite, respectively, compared to those seen in healthy young volunteers (18-45 years) [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 ) ] .Due to age-differences in plasma protein binding, the corresponding increase in the AUC of free (unbound) sildenafil and its active N-desmethyl metabolite were 45% and 57%, respectively [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 ) ].

Of the total number of subjects in clinical studies of sildenafil, 18% were 65 years and older, while 2% were 75 years and older. No overall differences in safety or efficacy were observed between older (≥ 65 years of age) and younger adult (< 65 years of age) subjects.

Of the total number of subjects in the clinical study of VYBRIQUE, 31% were 65 years and older. No overall differences in safety or efficacy were observed between older (≥ 65 years of age) and younger (< 65 years of age) subjects.

A starting dose of VYBRIQUE 25 mg is recommended in patients 65 years of age and older due to the higher systemic exposure in older subjects, and larger decreases in blood pressure observed in older subjects in a clinical pharmacology study  [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.3 ) , Warning s and Precautions ( 5.1 ), Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.2 ].

No dose adjustment is required for mild (CLcr=50-80 mL/min) and moderate (CLcr=30-49 mL/min) renal impairment. In volunteers with severe renal impairment (Clcr<30 mL/min), sildenafil clearance was reduced, resulting in higher plasma exposure of sildenafil (~2 fold), approximately doubling of Cmax and AUC. A starting dose of 25 mg should be considered in patients with severe renal impairment [see Dosage and   Administration ( 2.3 ) , Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 ) ] .

In volunteers with hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class A and B), sildenafil clearance was reduced, resulting in higher plasma exposure of sildenafil (47% for Cmax and 85% for AUC). The pharmacokinetics of sildenafil in patients with severely impaired hepatic function (Child-Pugh Class C) have not been studied. A starting dose of 25 mg should be considered in patients with any degree of hepatic impairment [see Dosage and Administration ( 2.3 ) , Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 ) ].

The physiologic mechanism of erection of the penis involves release of nitric oxide (NO) in the corpus cavernosum during sexual stimulation. NO then activates the enzyme guanylate cyclase, which results in increased levels of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), producing smooth muscle relaxation in the corpus cavernosum and allowing inflow of blood. 

Sildenafil enhances the effect of NO by inhibiting phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5), which is responsible for degradation of cGMP in the corpus cavernosum. Sildenafil has no direct relaxant effect on isolated human corpus cavernosum. When sexual stimulation causes local release of NO, inhibition of PDE5 by sildenafil causes increased levels of cGMP in the corpus cavernosum, resulting in smooth muscle relaxation and inflow of blood to the corpus cavernosum. Sildenafil at recommended doses has no effect in the absence of sexual stimulation.

Binding Characteristics

Studies in vitro have shown that sildenafil is selective for PDE5. Its effect is more potent on PDE5 than on other known phosphodiesterases (10-fold for PDE6, >80-fold for PDE1, >700-fold for PDE2, PDE3, PDE4, PDE7, PDE8, PDE9, PDE10, and PDE11). Sildenafil is approximately 4,000-fold more selective for PDE5 compared to PDE3. PDE3 is involved in control of cardiac contractility. Sildenafil is only about 10-fold as potent for PDE5 compared to PDE6, an enzyme found in the retina which is involved in the phototransduction pathway of the retina. This lower selectivity is thought to be the basis for abnormalities related to color vision  [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.2 ) ].

In addition to human corpus cavernosum smooth muscle, PDE5 is also found in other tissues including platelets, vascular and visceral smooth muscle, and skeletal muscle, brain, heart, liver, kidney, lung, pancreas, prostate, bladder, testis, and seminal vesicle. The inhibition of PDE5 in some of these tissues by sildenafil may be the basis for the enhanced platelet antiaggregatory activity of NO observed in vitro, an inhibition of platelet thrombus formation in vivo and peripheral arterial-venous dilatation in vivo .

Effects of S ildenafil on Erectile Response:In eight double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover studies of patients with either organic or psychogenic erectile dysfunction, sexual stimulation resulted in improved erections, as assessed by an objective measurement of hardness and duration of erections (RigiScan®), after sildenafil administration compared with placebo. Most studies assessed the efficacy of sildenafil approximately 60 minutes post dose. The erectile response, as assessed by RigiScan®, generally increased with increasing sildenafil dose and plasma concentration. The time course of effect was examined in one study, showing an effect for up to 4 hours but the response was diminished compared to 2 hours.

Effects of VYBRIQUE on Blood Pressure:

Single oral doses (50 mg, 75 mg, 100 mg) of VYBRIQUE administered to 12 healthy young volunteers produced decreases in supine blood pressure. The placebo-subtracted mean maximum decreases in systolic/diastolic blood pressure were 6.1/2.8 mmHg after a single 100 mg dose. Subjects were under fasting conditions and lay in the supine position for the first 4 hours post-dose and were not initially titrated. The decrease in supine blood pressure was most notable approximately 1-2 hours after dosing.

Figure 1 : Mean Change from Baseline in Supine Systolic Blood Pressure, Healthy Volunteers

Single oral doses of 50 mg, 75 mg, 100 mg of VYBRIQUE administered to 12 elderly volunteers produced decreases in supine blood pressure. The placebo-subtracted maximum mean decreases in systolic/diastolic blood pressure were 13.7/8.5 mmHg after a single 100 mg dose. Subjects were under fasting conditions and lay in the supine position for the first 4 hours post-dose and were not initially titrated. The decrease in supine blood pressure was generally observed from 15 min to 4 h post-dose.

Figure 2 : Mean Change from Baseline in Supine Systolic Blood Pressure, E lderly

Effects of S ildenafil on Blood Pressure When Nitroglycerin is Subsequently Administered:Based on the pharmacokinetic profile of a single 100 mg sildenafil oral dose given to healthy normal volunteers, the plasma levels of sildenafil at 24 hours post dose are approximately 2 ng/mL (compared to peak plasma levels of approximately 440 ng/mL). In the following patients: age >65 years, hepatic impairment (e.g., cirrhosis), severe renal impairment (e.g., creatinine clearance <30 mL/min), and concomitant use of erythromycin or strong CYP3A4 inhibitors, plasma levels of sildenafil at 24 hours post dose have been found to be 3 to 8 times higher than those seen in healthy volunteers. Although plasma levels of sildenafil at 24 hours post dose are much lower than at peak concentration, it is unknown whether nitrates can be safely co-administered at this time point [ see Contraindications ( 4.1 ) ].

Effects of S ildenafil on Blood Pressure When Co-administered with Alpha-Blockers:Three double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, two-way crossover studies were conducted to assess the interaction of sildenafil with doxazosin, an alpha-adrenergic blocking agent.

Study 1: S ildenafil with Doxazosin

In the first study, a single oral dose of sildenafil 100 mg or matching placebo was administered in a 2-period crossover design to 4 generally healthy males with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). Following at least 14 consecutive daily doses of doxazosin, sildenafil 100 mg or matching placebo was administered simultaneously with doxazosin. Following a review of the data from these first 4 subjects (details provided below), the sildenafil dose was reduced to 25 mg. Thereafter, 17 subjects were treated with sildenafil 25 mg or matching placebo in combination with doxazosin 4 mg (15 subjects) or doxazosin 8 mg (2 subjects). The mean subject age was 66.5 years.

For the 17 subjects who received sildenafil 25 mg and matching placebo, the placebo-subtracted mean maximum decreases from baseline (95% CI) in systolic blood pressure were as follows:

The mean profiles of the change from baseline in standing systolic blood pressure in subjects treated with doxazosin in combination with 25 mg sildenafil or matching placebo are shown in Figure 3.

Figure 3 : Mean Standing Systolic Blood Pressure Change from Baseline

Blood pressure was measured immediately pre-dose and at 15, 30, 45 minutes, and 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 4, 6 and 8 hours after sildenafil or matching placebo. Outliers were defined as subjects with a standing systolic blood pressure of <85 mmHg or a decrease from baseline in standing systolic blood pressure of >30 mmHg at one or more timepoints. There were no subjects treated with sildenafil 25 mg who had a standing SBP <85mmHg. There were three subjects with a decrease from baseline in standing systolic BP >30mmHg following sildenafil 25 mg, one subject with a decrease from baseline in standing systolic BP > 30 mmHg following placebo and two subjects with a decrease from baseline in standing systolic BP >30 mmHg following both sildenafil and placebo. No severe adverse events potentially related to blood pressure effects were reported in this group.

Of the four subjects who received sildenafil 100 mg in the first part of this study, a severe adverse event related to blood pressure effect was reported in one patient (postural hypotension that began 35 minutes after dosing with sildenafil with symptoms lasting for 8 hours), and mild adverse events potentially related to blood pressure effects were reported in two others (dizziness, headache and fatigue at 1 hour after dosing; and dizziness, lightheadedness and nausea at 4 hours after dosing). There were no reports of syncope among these patients. For these four subjects, the placebo-subtracted mean maximum decreases from baseline in supine and standing systolic blood pressures were 14.8 mmHg and 21.5 mmHg, respectively. Two of these subjects had a standing SBP <85mmHg. Both these subjects were protocol violators, one due to a low baseline standing SBP, and the other due to baseline orthostatic hypotension.

Study 2: S ildenafil with Doxazosin

In the second study, a single oral dose of sildenafil 50 mg or matching placebo was administered in a 2-period crossover design to 20 generally healthy males with BPH. Following at least 14 consecutive days of doxazosin, sildenafil 50 mg or matching placebo was administered simultaneously with doxazosin 4 mg (17 subjects) or with doxazosin 8 mg (3 subjects). The mean subject age in this study was 63.9 years.

Twenty subjects received sildenafil 50 mg, but only 19 subjects received matching placebo. One patient discontinued the study prematurely due to an adverse event of hypotension following dosing with sildenafil 50 mg. This patient had been taking minoxidil, a potent vasodilator, during the study.

For the 19 subjects who received both sildenafil and matching placebo, the placebo-subtracted mean maximum decreases from baseline (95% CI) in systolic blood pressure were as follows:

The mean profiles of the change from baseline in standing systolic blood pressure in subjects treated with doxazosin in combination with 50 mg sildenafil or matching placebo are shown in Figure 4.

Figure 4 : Mean Standing Systolic Blood Pressure Change from Baseline

Blood pressure was measured after administration of sildenafil at the same times as those specified for the first doxazosin study. There were two subjects who had a standing SBP of <85 mmHg. In these two subjects, hypotension was reported as a moderately severe adverse event, beginning at approximately 1 hour after administration of sildenafil 50 mg and resolving after approximately 7.5 hours. There was one subject with a decrease from baseline in standing systolic BP >30mmHg following sildenafil 50 mg and one subject with a decrease from baseline in standing systolic BP >30 mmHg following both sildenafil 50 mg and placebo. There were no severe adverse events potentially related to blood pressure and no episodes of syncope reported in this study.

Study 3: S ildenafil with Doxazosin

In the third study, a single oral dose of sildenafil 100 mg or matching placebo was administered in a 3-period crossover design to 20 generally healthy males with BPH. In dose period 1, subjects were administered open label doxazosin and a single dose of sildenafil 50 mg simultaneously, after at least 14 consecutive days of doxazosin. If a subject did not successfully complete this first dosing period, he was discontinued from the study. Subjects who had successfully completed the previous doxazosin interaction study (using sildenafil 50 mg), including no significant hemodynamic adverse events, were allowed to skip dose period 1. Treatment with doxazosin continued for at least 7 days after dose period 1. Thereafter, sildenafil 100 mg or matching placebo was administered simultaneously with doxazosin 4 mg (14 subjects) or doxazosin 8 mg (6 subjects) in standard crossover fashion. The mean subject age in this study was 66.4 years.

Twenty-five subjects were screened. Two were discontinued after study period 1: one failed to meet pre-dose screening qualifications and the other experienced symptomatic hypotension as a moderately severe adverse event 30 minutes after dosing with open-label sildenafil 50 mg. Of the twenty subjects who were ultimately assigned to treatment, a total of 13 subjects successfully completed dose period 1, and seven had successfully completed the previous doxazosin study (using sildenafil 50 mg).

For the 20 subjects who received sildenafil 100 mg and matching placebo, the placebo-subtracted mean maximum decreases from baseline (95% CI) in systolic blood pressure were as follows:

The mean profiles of the change from baseline in standing systolic blood pressure in subjects treated with doxazosin in combination with 100 mg sildenafil citrate or matching placebo are shown in Figure 5.

Figure 5 : Mean Standing Systolic Blood Pressure Change from Baseline

Blood pressure was measured after administration of sildenafil at the same times as those specified for the previous doxazosin studies. There were three subjects who had a standing SBP of <85 mmHg. All three were taking sildenafil 100 mg, and all three reported mild adverse events at the time of reductions in standing SBP, including vasodilation and lightheadedness. There were four subjects with a decrease from baseline in standing systolic BP >30 mmHg following sildenafil 100 mg, one subject with a decrease from baseline in standing systolic BP >30 mmHg following placebo and one subject with a decrease from baseline in standing systolic BP >30 mmHg following both sildenafil citrate and placebo. While there were no severe adverse events potentially related to blood pressure reported in this study, one subject reported moderate vasodilatation after both sildenafil 50 mg and 100 mg. There were no episodes of syncope reported in this study.

Effect of S ildenafil on Blood Pressure When Co-administered with Antihypertensives:When sildenafil 100 mg oral was co-administered with amlodipine, 5 mg or 10 mg oral, to hypertensive patients, the mean additional reduction on supine blood pressure was 8 mmHg systolic and 7 mmHg diastolic.

Effect of S ildenafil on Blood Pressure When Co-administered with Alcohol:Sildenafil 50 mg did not potentiate the hypotensive effect of alcohol (0.5 g/kg) in healthy volunteers with mean maximum blood alcohol levels of 0.08%. The maximum observed decrease in systolic blood pressure was -18.5 mmHg when sildenafil was co-administered with alcohol versus -17.4 mmHg when alcohol was administered alone. The maximum observed decrease in diastolic blood pressure was -17.2 mmHg when sildenafil was co-administered with alcohol versus -11.1 mmHg when alcohol was administered alone. There were no reports of postural dizziness or orthostatic hypotension. The maximum recommended dose of 100 mg sildenafil was not evaluated in this study [ see Drug Interactions ( 7.5 ) ].

Effects of S ildenafil on Cardiac Parameters:Single oral doses of sildenafil up to 100 mg produced no clinically relevant changes in the ECGs of normal male volunteers.

Studies have produced relevant data on the effects of sildenafil citrate on cardiac output. In one small, open-label, uncontrolled, pilot study, eight patients with stable ischemic heart disease underwent Swan-Ganz catheterization. A total dose of 40 mg sildenafil was administered by four intravenous infusions.

The results from this pilot study are shown in Table 4; the mean resting systolic and diastolic blood pressures decreased by 7% and 10% compared to baseline in these patients. Mean resting values for right atrial pressure, pulmonary artery pressure, pulmonary artery occluded pressure and cardiac output decreased by 28%, 28%, 20% and 7% respectively. Even though this total dosage produced plasma sildenafil concentrations which were approximately 2 to 5 times higher than the mean maximum plasma concentrations following a single oral dose of 100 mg in healthy male volunteers, the hemodynamic response to exercise was preserved in these patients.

In a double-blind study, 144 patients with erectile dysfunction and chronic stable angina limited by exercise, not receiving chronic oral nitrates, were randomized to a single dose of placebo or sildenafil 100 mg 1 hour prior to exercise testing. The primary endpoint was time to limiting angina in the evaluable cohort. The mean times (adjusted for baseline) to onset of limiting angina were 423.6 and 403.7 seconds for sildenafil (N=70) and placebo, respectively. These results demonstrated that the effect of sildenafil on the primary endpoint was statistically non-inferior to placebo.

Effects of S ildenafil on Vision:At single oral doses of 100 mg and 200 mg, transient dose-related impairment of color discrimination was detected using the Farnsworth-Munsell 100-hue test, with peak effects near the time of peak plasma levels. This finding is consistent with the inhibition of PDE6, which is involved in phototransduction in the retina. Subjects in the study reported this finding as difficulties in discriminating blue/green. An evaluation of visual function at doses up to twice the maximum recommended dose revealed no effects of sildenafil on visual acuity, intraocular pressure, or pupillometry.

Effects of S ildenafil on Sperm: There was no effect on sperm motility or morphology after single 100 mg oral doses of sildenafil in healthy volunteers.

Sildenafil is rapidly absorbed after oral administration, with a mean absolute bioavailability of 41% (range 25-63%). The pharmacokinetics of sildenafil are dose-proportional over the recommended dose range. It is eliminated predominantly by hepatic metabolism (mainly CYP3A4) and is converted to an active metabolite with properties similar to the parent, sildenafil. Both sildenafil and the metabolite have terminal half-lives of about 4 hours. 

  

Figure 6 :   Mean Sildenafil Plasma Concentrations in Healthy Male Volunteers  

Absorption and Distribution:VYBRIQUE is rapidly absorbed. Maximum observed plasma concentrations are reached within 30 to 300 minutes (median 80 minutes) of oral dosing in the fasted state. After a single dose of 100 mg of VYBRIQUE in adult males, the mean (coefficient of variation, %) peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and area under the concentration curve (AUC) of sildenafil were 503.5 (37.7%) ng/mL and 1902.4 (36.3%) ng·h/mL, respectively.

When VYBRIQUE is taken with a high fat meal, the rate of absorption is reduced, with a mean delay in Tmax of 87 minutes and a mean reduction in Cmax of 45%. AUC is not impacted by food. 

In a clinical study in 35 healthy males (18-55 years old) where VYBRIQUE 100 mg was administered in fed conditions with or without water, no clinically significant differences in pharmacokinetics of sildenafil and its major N-desmethyl metabolite was observed.

The mean steady state volume of distribution (Vss) for sildenafil is 105 L, indicating distribution into the tissues. Sildenafil and its major circulating N-desmethyl metabolite are both approximately 96% bound to plasma proteins. Protein binding is independent of total drug concentrations.

Based upon measurements of sildenafil in semen of healthy volunteers 90 minutes after dosing, less than 0.001% of the administered dose may appear in the semen of patients.

Metabolism and Excretion:Sildenafil is cleared predominantly by the CYP3A4 (major route) and CYP2C9 (minor route) hepatic microsomal isoenzymes. The major circulating metabolite results from N-desmethylation of sildenafil and is itself further metabolized. This metabolite has a PDE selectivity profile similar to sildenafil and an in vitropotency for PDE5 approximately 50% of the parent drug. Plasma concentrations of this metabolite are approximately 40% of those seen for sildenafil, so that the metabolite accounts for about 20% of sildenafil’s pharmacologic effects.

After either oral or intravenous administration, sildenafil is excreted as metabolites predominantly in the feces (approximately 80% of administered oral dose) and to a lesser extent in the urine (approximately 13% of the administered oral dose). Similar values for pharmacokinetic parameters were seen in normal volunteers and in the patient population, using a population pharmacokinetic approach.

Pharmacokinetics in Special Populations

Geriatrics:Healthy elderly volunteers (65 years or over) had a reduced clearance of sildenafil, resulting in approximately 84% and 107% higher plasma AUC values of sildenafil and its active N-desmethyl metabolite, respectively, compared to those seen in healthy younger volunteers (18-45 years). Due to age-differences in plasma protein binding, the corresponding increase in the AUC of free (unbound) sildenafil and its active N-desmethyl metabolite were 45% and 57%, respectively [ see  Dosage and Administration ( 2.3 ), and Use in  Specific Populations ( 8.5 ) ]

Renal Impairment:In volunteers with mild (CLcr=50-80 mL/min) and moderate (CLcr=30-49 mL/min) renal impairment, the pharmacokinetics of a single oral dose of sildenafil (50 mg) were not altered. In volunteers with severe (CLcr <30 mL/min) renal impairment, sildenafil clearance was reduced, resulting in approximately doubling of AUC and Cmax compared to age-matched volunteers with no renal impairment [ see   Dosage and  Administration ( 2.3 ), and Use in Specific Populations ( 8.6 ) ].

In addition, N-desmethyl metabolite AUC and Cmax values significantly increased by 200% and 79%, respectively in subjects with severe renal impairment compared to subjects with normal renal function.

Hepatic Impairment:In volunteers with hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh Class A and B), sildenafil clearance was reduced, resulting in increases in AUC (85%) and Cmax (47%) compared to age-matched volunteers with no hepatic impairment. The pharmacokinetics of sildenafil in patients with severely impaired hepatic function (Child-Pugh Class C) have not been studied [ see   Dosage and Administration ( 2.3 ), and Use in Specific  Populations ( 8.7 ) ].

Therefore, age >65, hepatic impairment and severe renal impairment are associated with increased plasma levels of sildenafil. A starting oral dose of 25 mg should be considered in those patients [ see Dosage and  Administration ( 2.3 ) ] .

Drug Interaction Studies

Effects of Other Drugs on S ildenafil  

Sildenafil metabolism is principally mediated by CYP3A4 (major route) and CYP2C9 (minor route). Therefore, inhibitors of these isoenzymes may reduce sildenafil clearance and inducers of these isoenzymes may increase sildenafil clearance. The concomitant use of erythromycin or strong CYP3A4 inhibitors (e.g., saquinavir, ketoconazole, itraconazole) as well as the nonspecific CYP inhibitor, cimetidine, is associated with increased plasma levels of sildenafil [ see Dosage and Administration ( 2.2 ) ].

In vivo studies:

Cimetidine (800 mg), a nonspecific CYP inhibitor, caused a 56% increase in plasma sildenafil concentrations when co-administered with sildenafil (50 mg) to healthy volunteers. 

When a single 100 mg dose of sildenafil was administered with erythromycin, a moderate CYP3A4 inhibitor, at steady state (500 mg bid for 5 days), there was a 160% increase in sildenafil Cmax and an 182% increase in sildenafil AUC. In addition, in a study performed in healthy male volunteers, co-administration of the HIV protease inhibitor saquinavir, also a CYP3A4 inhibitor, at steady state (1200 mg tid) with sildenafil (100 mg single dose) resulted in a 140% increase in sildenafil Cmax and a 210% increase in sildenafil AUC. Sildenafil had no effect on saquinavir pharmacokinetics. A stronger CYP3A4 inhibitor such as ketoconazole or itraconazole could be expected to have greater effect than that seen with saquinavir. Population pharmacokinetic data from patients in clinical trials also indicated a reduction in sildenafil clearance when it was co-administered with CYP3A4 inhibitors (such as ketoconazole, erythromycin, or cimetidine) [ see Dosage and Administration ( 2.2 )   and Drug Interactions ( 7.4 ) ].

In another study in healthy male volunteers, co-administration with the HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir, which is a highly potent P450 inhibitor, at steady state (500 mg bid) with sildenafil (100 mg single dose) resulted in a 300% (4-fold) increase in sildenafil Cmax and a 1000% (11-fold) increase in sildenafil plasma AUC. At 24 hours the plasma levels of sildenafil were still approximately 200 ng/mL, compared to approximately 5 ng/mL when sildenafil was dosed alone. This is consistent with ritonavir’s marked effects on a broad range of P450 substrates. Sildenafil had no effect on ritonavir pharmacokinetics [ see Dosage and Administration ( 2.2 ) and  Drug Interactions ( 7.4 ) ].

Although the interaction between other protease inhibitors and sildenafil has not been studied, their concomitant use is expected to increase sildenafil levels.

In a study of healthy male volunteers, co-administration of sildenafil at steady state (80 mg t.i.d.) with endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan (a moderate inducer of CYP3A4, CYP2C9 and possibly of CYP2C19) at steady state (125 mg b.i.d.) resulted in a 63% decrease of sildenafil AUC and a 55% decrease in sildenafil Cmax. Concomitant administration of strong CYP3A4 inducers, such as rifampin, is expected to cause greater decreases in plasma levels of sildenafil. 

Single doses of antacid (magnesium hydroxide/aluminum hydroxide) did not affect the bioavailability of sildenafil citrate. 

In healthy male volunteers, there was no evidence of a clinically significant effect of azithromycin (500 mg daily for 3 days) on the systemic exposure of sildenafil or its major circulating metabolite.

Pharmacokinetic data from patients in clinical trials showed no effect on sildenafil pharmacokinetics of CYP2C9 inhibitors (such as tolbutamide, warfarin), CYP2D6 inhibitors (such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, tricyclic antidepressants), thiazide and related diuretics, ACE inhibitors, and calcium channel blockers. The AUC of the active metabolite, N-desmethyl sildenafil, was increased 62% by loop and potassium-sparing diuretics and 102% by nonspecific beta-blockers. These effects on the metabolite are not expected to be of clinical consequence.

Effects of S ildenafil on Other Drugs

In vitro studies:

Sildenafil is a weak inhibitor of the CYP isoforms 1A2, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, 2E1 and 3A4 (IC50 >150 μM). Given sildenafil peak plasma concentrations of approximately 1 μM after recommended doses, it is unlikely that sildenafil will alter the clearance of substrates of these isoenzymes.

In vi vo   studies:

No significant interactions were shown with tolbutamide (250 mg) or warfarin (40 mg), both of which are metabolized by CYP2C9.

In a study of healthy male volunteers, sildenafil (100 mg) did not affect the steady state pharmacokinetics of the HIV protease inhibitors, saquinavir and ritonavir, both of which are CYP3A4 substrates.

Sildenafil (50 mg) did not potentiate the increase in bleeding time caused by aspirin (150 mg).

Sildenafil at steady state, at a dose not approved for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (80 mg t.i.d.) resulted in a 50% increase in AUC and a 42% increase in Cmax of bosentan (125 mg b.i.d.).

Carcinogenesis

Sildenafil was not carcinogenic when administered to rats for 24 months at a dose resulting in total systemic drug exposure (AUCs) for unbound sildenafil and its major metabolite of 20- and 38- times, for male and female rats, respectively, the exposures observed in human males given the Maximum Recommended Human Dose (MRHD) of 100 mg. Sildenafil was not carcinogenic when administered to mice for 18-21 months at dosages up to the Maximum Tolerated Dose (MTD) of 10 mg/kg/day, approximately 0.4 times the MRHD on a mg/m ²basis in a 50 kg subject.

Mutagenesis

Sildenafil was negative in in vitrobacterial and Chinese hamster ovary cell assays to detect mutagenicity, and in vitrohuman lymphocytes and in vivomouse micronucleus assays to detect clastogenicity.

Impairment of Fertility

There was no impairment of fertility in rats given sildenafil up to 60 mg/kg/day for 36 days to females and 102 days to males, a dose producing an AUC value of more than 25 times the human male AUC.