Understanding variation in genetic response to pharmacological treatments and personalized CFTR modulator response is crucial to the optimization of the use of these novel compounds; expansion to all patients who might benefit from them; and development of predictive biomarkers. In addition, the ability to determine prior to treatment those individuals who will or will not respond to existing therapies will avoid needless risk of side effects and the high cost of a potentially ineffective treatment regimen. Understanding the way these drugs work in the body and the best way to study them and the downstream effects is critical to expanding the use of these drugs to all patients with cystic fibrosis (CF).