• CABENUVA contains cabotegravir extended-release injectable suspension in a single-dose vial and rilpivirine extended-release injectable suspension in a single-dose vial [see Dosage Forms and Strengths (3)].
• CABENUVA must be administered by a healthcare provider by gluteal intramuscular injection [see Dosage and Administration (2.9)].
• CABENUVA may be initiated with oral cabotegravir and oral rilpivirine prior to the intramuscular injections or the patient may proceed directly to injection of CABENUVA without an oral lead-in [see Dosage and Administration (2.3)].
• CABENUVA can be injected monthly or every 2 months [see Dosage and Administration (2.4, 2.5)]. Healthcare providers should discuss these 2 dosing options with the patient prior to starting CABENUVA and decide which injection dosing frequency would be the most appropriate option for the patient [see Adverse Reactions (6.1), Microbiology (12.4), Clinical Studies (14.1)].

Prior to starting CABENUVA, healthcare providers should carefully select patients who agree to the required monthly or every‑2-month injection dosing schedule and counsel patients about the importance of adherence to scheduled dosing visits to help maintain viral suppression and reduce the risk of viral rebound and potential development of resistance with missed doses [see Dosage and Administration (2.1), Warnings and Precautions (5.6), Microbiology (12.4)].

The healthcare provider and patient may decide to use an oral lead-in with oral cabotegravir and oral rilpivirine prior to the initiation of CABENUVA to assess the tolerability of cabotegravir and rilpivirine, or the healthcare provider and patient may proceed directly to injection of CABENUVA without the use of an oral lead-in.

If oral lead-in is used, the recommended oral lead-in daily dose is one 30-mg tablet of VOCABRIA (cabotegravir) and one 25-mg tablet of EDURANT (rilpivirine) taken with a meal for approximately 1 month (at least 28 days), followed by intramuscular initiation injections of CABENUVA. See Tables 1 and 2 for recommended oral lead-in and monthly or every-2-month intramuscular injection dosing schedule for CABENUVA [see Dosage and Administration (2.4, 2.5)].

Initiation Injections (CABENUVA 600-mg/900-mg Kit)

Initiate injections on the last day of current antiretroviral therapy or oral lead-in, if used [see Dosage and Administration (2.3)]. The recommended initiation injection doses of CABENUVA are a single 600-mg (3-mL) intramuscular injection of cabotegravir and a single 900-mg (3-mL) intramuscular injection of rilpivirine. Administer cabotegravir and rilpivirine at separate gluteal injection sites (on opposite sides or at least 2 cm apart) during the same visit [see Dosage and Administration (2.9)]. Continuation injections should be initiated a month after the initiation injections.

Continuation Injections (CABENUVA 400-mg/600-mg Kit)

After the initiation injections, the recommended monthly continuation injection doses of CABENUVA are a single 400-mg (2-mL) intramuscular injection of cabotegravir and a single 600-mg (2-mL) intramuscular injection of rilpivirine at each visit (Table 1). Administer cabotegravir and rilpivirine at separate gluteal injection sites (on opposite sides or at least 2 cm apart) during the same visit [see Dosage and Administration (2.9)]. Patients may be given CABENUVA up to 7 days before or after the date the patient is scheduled to receive monthly injections.

Table 1. Recommended Dosing Schedule with Optional Oral Lead-In or Direct to Injection for Monthly Injection

a The optional oral therapy should be continued until the day the first injection is administered.
b Given on the last day of current antiretroviral therapy or oral lead-in if used.
Drug	Optional Oral Lead-Ina (at Least 28 Days)	Intramuscular (Gluteal) Initiation Injections (One-Time Dosing)	Intramuscular (Gluteal) Continuation Injections (Once-Monthly Dosing)
	Month (at Least 28 Days) Prior to Starting Injections	Initiate Injections at Month 1b	One Month after Initiation Injection and Monthly Onwards
Cabotegravir	30 mg once daily with a meal	600 mg (3 mL)	400 mg (2 mL)
Rilpivirine	25 mg once daily with a meal	900 mg (3 mL)	600 mg (2 mL)

Initiation Injections (CABENUVA 600-mg/900-mg Kit)

Initiate injections on the last day of current antiretroviral therapy or oral lead-in, if used [see Dosage and Administration (2.3)]. The recommended initiation injection doses of CABENUVA are a single 600-mg (3-mL) intramuscular injection of cabotegravir and a single 900-mg (3-mL) intramuscular injection of rilpivirine 1 month apart for 2 consecutive months (Table 2). Administer cabotegravir and rilpivirine at separate gluteal injection sites (on opposite sides or at least 2 cm apart) during the same visit [see Dosage and Administration (2.9)]. Patients may be given CABENUVA up to 7 days before or after the date the patient is scheduled to receive the second initiation injections.

Continuation Injections (CABENUVA 600-mg/900-mg Kit)

After the 2 initiation doses given consecutively 1 month apart (Months 1 and 2), the recommended continuation injection doses (Month 4 onwards) of CABENUVA are a single 600-mg (3-mL) intramuscular injection of cabotegravir and a single 900-mg (3-mL) intramuscular injection of rilpivirine administered every 2 months (Table 2). Administer cabotegravir and rilpivirine at separate gluteal injection sites (on opposite sides or at least 2 cm apart) during the same visit [see Dosage and Administration (2.9)]. Patients may be given CABENUVA up to 7 days before or after the date the patient is scheduled to receive the injections.

Table 2. Recommended Dosing Schedule with Optional Oral Lead-In or Direct to Injection for Every-2-Month Injection

a The optional oral therapy should be continued until the day the first injection is administered.
b For the every-2-month injection dosing schedule in adults, Initiation Injections are injections administered at Month 1 and Month 2 and Continuation Injections are injections administered every 2 months onwards (starting Month 4).
c Given on the last day of current antiretroviral therapy or oral lead-in if used.
Drug	Optional Oral Lead-Ina (at Least 28 Days)	Intramuscular (Gluteal) Injectionsb
	Month (at Least 28 Days) Prior to Starting Injections	Initiate Injectionsc at Month 1, Month 2, and then Every 2 Months Onwards (Starting at Month 4)
Cabotegravir	30 mg once daily with a meal	600 mg (3 mL)
Rilpivirine	25 mg once daily with a meal	900 mg (3 mL)

Patients switching from a monthly continuation injection schedule (a single 400-mg [2-mL] gluteal intramuscular injection of cabotegravir and a single 600-mg [2-mL] intramuscular injection of rilpivirine) to an every-2-month continuation injection dosing schedule should receive a single 600-mg (3-mL) intramuscular injection of cabotegravir and a single 900-mg (3-mL) intramuscular injection of rilpivirine administered 1 month after the last monthly continuation injections and then every 2 months thereafter. Cabotegravir and rilpivirine injections should be administered at separate gluteal injection sites (on opposite sides or at least 2 cm apart) during the same visit [see Dosage and Administration (2.9)].

Patients switching from an every-2-month continuation injection schedule (a single 600-mg [3-mL] intramuscular injection of cabotegravir and a single 900-mg [3-mL] intramuscular injection of rilpivirine) to a monthly continuation dosing schedule should receive a single 400-mg (2-mL) intramuscular injection of cabotegravir and a single 600-mg (2-mL) intramuscular injection of rilpivirine 2 months after the last every-2‑month continuation injection and then monthly thereafter. Cabotegravir and rilpivirine injections should be administered at separate gluteal injection sites (on opposite sides or at least 2 cm apart) during the same visit [see Dosage and Administration (2.9)].

Adherence to the injection dosing schedule is strongly recommended [see Dosage and Administration (2.2)]. Patients who miss a scheduled injection visit should be clinically reassessed to ensure resumption of therapy remains appropriate. Refer to Table 3 for dosing recommendations after missed injections.

Planned Missed Injections for Patients on the Monthly Dosing Schedule

If a patient plans to miss a scheduled injection visit by more than 7 days, VOCABRIA in combination with EDURANT once daily may be used for up to 2 months to replace missed injection visits, or any other fully suppressive oral antiretroviral regimen may be used until injections are resumed. The recommended oral daily dose is one 30-mg tablet of VOCABRIA (cabotegravir) and one 25-mg tablet of EDURANT (rilpivirine). Take VOCABRIA with EDURANT at approximately the same time each day with a meal.

The first dose of oral therapy should be taken 1 month (+/-7 days) after the last injection dose of CABENUVA and continued until the day injection dosing is restarted. Refer to Table 3 for injection dosing recommendations. For oral therapy with VOCABRIA and EDURANT of durations greater than 2 months, an alternative oral regimen is recommended.

Unplanned Missed Injections for Patients on the Monthly Dosing Schedule

If monthly injections are missed or delayed by more than 7 days and oral therapy has not been taken in the interim, clinically reassess the patient to determine if resumption of injection dosing remains appropriate [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.6 )]. If injection dosing will be continued, see Table 3 for dosing recommendations.

Table 3. Injection Dosing Recommendations after Missed Injections for Patients on the Monthly Dosing Schedule^a

a Refer to oral dosing recommendations if a patient plans to miss a scheduled injection visit.
Time since Last Injection	Recommendation
Less than or equal to 2 months	Resume with 400-mg (2-mL) cabotegravir and 600-mg (2-mL) rilpivirine gluteal intramuscular monthly injections as soon as possible.
Greater than 2 months	Re-initiate the patient with 600-mg (3-mL) cabotegravir and 900-mg (3‑mL) rilpivirine gluteal intramuscular injections then continue to follow the 400‑mg (2‑mL) cabotegravir and 600-mg (2-mL) rilpivirine gluteal intramuscular monthly injection dosing schedule.

Planned Missed Injections for Patients on the Every-2-Month Dosing Schedule

If a patient plans to miss a scheduled injection visit by more than 7 days, VOCABRIA in combination with EDURANT once daily may be used for up to 2 months to replace 1 missed injection visit, or any other fully suppressive oral antiretroviral regimen may be used until injections are resumed. The recommended oral daily dose is one 30‑mg tablet of VOCABRIA (cabotegravir) and one 25‑mg tablet of EDURANT (rilpivirine). Take VOCABRIA with EDURANT at approximately the same time each day with a meal.

The first dose of oral therapy should be taken approximately 2 months after the last injection dose of CABENUVA and continued until the day injection dosing is restarted. Refer to Table 4 for injection dosing recommendations. For oral therapy with VOCABRIA and EDURANT of durations greater than 2 months, an alternative oral regimen is recommended.

Unplanned Missed Injections for Patients on the Every-2-Month Dosing Schedule

If a scheduled every-2-month injection visit is missed or delayed by more than 7 days and oral therapy has not been taken in the interim, clinically reassess the patient to determine if resumption of injection dosing remains appropriate [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.6 )]. If the every-2‑month dosing schedule will be continued, see Table 4 for dosing recommendations.

Table 4. Injection Dosing Recommendations after Missed Injections for Patients on the Every‑2‑Month Dosing Schedule

Missed Injection Visit	Time since Last Injection	Recommendation
Injection 2 (Month 2)	Less than or equal to 2 months	Resume with 600-mg (3-mL) cabotegravir and 900‑mg (3‑mL) rilpivirine intramuscular injections as soon as possible, then continue to follow the every-2-month injection dosing schedule.
	Greater than 2 months	Re-initiate the patient with 600-mg (3-mL) cabotegravir and 900-mg (3‑mL) rilpivirine intramuscular injections, followed by the second initiation injection dose 1 month later. Then continue to follow the every-2-month injection dosing schedule thereafter.
Injection 3 or later (Month 4 onwards)	Less than or equal to 3 months	Resume with 600-mg (3-mL) cabotegravir and 900‑mg (3‑mL) rilpivirine intramuscular injections as soon as possible and continue with the every‑2‑month injection dosing schedule.
	Greater than 3 months	Re-initiate the patient with 600-mg (3-mL) cabotegravir and 900-mg (3‑mL) rilpivirine intramuscular injections, followed by the second initiation injection dose 1 month later. Then continue with the every-2-month injection dosing schedule thereafter.

Refer to the Instructions for Use for complete administration instructions with illustrations. Carefully follow these instructions and ensure that the vial adaptor is used correctly when preparing the suspension for injection to avoid leakage.

A complete dose requires 2 injections: 1 injection of cabotegravir and 1 injection of rilpivirine [see Dosage and Administration (2.4, 2.5)].

Cabotegravir and rilpivirine are suspensions for gluteal intramuscular injection that do not need further dilution or reconstitution.

Administer each injection at separate gluteal injection sites (on opposite sides or at least 2 cm apart) during the same visit. The ventrogluteal site is recommended. A dorsogluteal approach (upper outer quadrant) is acceptable, if preferred by the healthcare professional. Do not administer by any other route or anatomical site. Consider the body mass index (BMI) of the patient to ensure that the needle length is sufficient to reach the gluteus muscle. Longer needle lengths (not included in the dosing kit) may be required for patients with higher BMI (example: >30 kg/m²) to ensure that injections are administered intramuscularly as opposed to subcutaneously. The administration order of cabotegravir and rilpivirine injections is not important.

Before preparing the injections, remove CABENUVA from the refrigerator and wait at least 15 minutes to allow the medicines to come to room temperature. The vials may remain in the carton at room temperature for up to 6 hours; do not put back into the refrigerator. If not used within 6 hours, the medication must be discarded.

Parenteral drug products should be inspected visually for particulate matter and discoloration prior to administration, whenever solution and container permit. The cabotegravir vial has a brown tint to the glass that may limit visual inspection. Discard CABENUVA if either medicine exhibits particulate matter or discoloration.

Shake each vial of CABENUVA vigorously so that the suspensions look uniform before injecting. Small air bubbles are expected and acceptable.

Once the suspensions have been drawn into the respective syringes, the injections should be administered as soon as possible, but may remain in the syringes for up to 2 hours. The filled syringes should not be placed in the refrigerator. If the medicine remains in the syringes for more than 2 hours, the filled syringes and needles must be discarded [see How Supplied/Storage and Handling (16)].

Serious or severe hypersensitivity reactions have been reported in association with other integrase inhibitors and during postmarketing experience with rilpivirine-containing regimens where reactions include cases of drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) [see Adverse Reactions (6.1, 6.2)]. While some skin reactions were accompanied by constitutional symptoms such as fever, other skin reactions were associated with organ dysfunctions, including elevations in hepatic serum biochemistries. Serious or severe hypersensitivity reactions have been reported in association with other integrase inhibitors and could occur with CABENUVA [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)]. Administration of cabotegravir and rilpivirine oral lead-in dosing was used in clinical studies to help identify patients who may be at risk of a hypersensitivity reaction [see Dosage and Administration (2.3), Contraindications (4)]. Remain vigilant and discontinue CABENUVA if a hypersensitivity reaction is suspected [see Contraindications (4), Adverse Reactions (6)].

Discontinue CABENUVA immediately if signs or symptoms of hypersensitivity reactions develop (including, but not limited to, severe rash, or rash accompanied by fever, general malaise, fatigue, muscle or joint aches, blisters, mucosal involvement [oral blisters or lesions], conjunctivitis, facial edema, hepatitis, eosinophilia, angioedema, difficulty breathing). Clinical status, including liver transaminases, should be monitored and appropriate therapy initiated. For information regarding the long-acting properties of CABENUVA, [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)]. Administer oral lead-in dosing prior to administration of CABENUVA to help identify patients who may be at risk of a hypersensitivity reaction [see Dosage and Administration (2.3), Contraindications (4)].

In clinical trials, serious post-injection reactions were reported within minutes after the injection of rilpivirine. These events included symptoms such as dyspnea, bronchospasm, agitation, abdominal cramping, rash/urticaria, dizziness, flushing, sweating, oral numbness, changes in blood pressure, and pain (e.g., back and chest). These events were reported in <1% of subjects and began to resolve within minutes after the injection, with some patients receiving supportive care. These events may have been associated with accidental intravenous administration during the intramuscular injection procedure [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

Carefully follow the Instructions for Use when preparing and administering CABENUVA. The suspensions should be injected slowly via intramuscular injection, and care should be taken to avoid accidental intravenous administration [see Dosage and Administration (2.9)]. Observe patients briefly (approximately 10 minutes) after the injection. If a patient experiences a post-injection reaction, monitor and treat as clinically indicated.

Hepatotoxicity has been reported in patients receiving cabotegravir or rilpivirine with or without known pre-existing hepatic disease or identifiable risk factors [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)].

Patients with underlying liver disease or marked elevations in transaminases prior to treatment may be at increased risk for worsening or development of transaminase elevations.

Monitoring of liver chemistries is recommended and treatment with CABENUVA should be discontinued if hepatotoxicity is suspected. For information regarding the long-acting properties of CABENUVA, [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)].

Depressive disorders (including depressed mood, depression, major depression, mood altered, mood swings, dysphoria, negative thoughts, suicidal ideation, suicide attempt) have been reported with CABENUVA or the individual drug products [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)]. Promptly evaluate patients with depressive symptoms to assess whether the symptoms are related to CABENUVA and to determine whether the risks of continued therapy outweigh the benefits.

The concomitant use of CABENUVA and other drugs may result in known or potentially significant drug interactions, some of which may lead to adverse events, loss of virologic response of CABENUVA, and possible development of viral resistance [see Contraindications (4), Drug Interactions (7.4)].

Rilpivirine 75-mg and 300-mg once-daily oral doses (3 and 12 times, respectively, the recommended oral dosage) in healthy adults prolonged the QTc interval with mean steady-state C_max values 4.4- and 11.6-fold, respectively, higher than C_max values associated with the recommended 600-mg monthly dose of rilpivirine extended-release injectable suspension and 4.1- and 10.7-fold, respectively, higher than C_max values associated with the recommended 900-mg every-2-month dose of rilpivirine extended‑release injectable suspension [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.2)]. CABENUVA should be used with caution in combination with drugs with a known risk of Torsade de Pointes [see Drug Interactions (7.3, 7.4)].

See Table 8 for steps to prevent or manage these possible and known significant drug interactions, including dosing recommendations. Consider the potential for drug interactions prior to and during therapy with, and after discontinuation of, CABENUVA; review concomitant medications during therapy with CABENUVA [see Drug Interactions (7.4)].

Residual concentrations of both cabotegravir and rilpivirine may remain in the systemic circulation of patients for prolonged periods (up to 12 months or longer). It is important to carefully select patients who agree to the required monthly or every-2-month injection dosing schedule because non-adherence to monthly or every-2-month injections or missed doses could lead to loss of virologic response and development of resistance [see Dosage and Administration (2.2), Adverse Reactions (6.1), Drug Interactions (7.4)].

To minimize the potential risk of developing viral resistance, it is essential to initiate an alternative, fully suppressive antiretroviral regimen no later than 1 month after the final injections of CABENUVA when dosed monthly and no later than 2 months after the final injections of CABENUVA when dosed every 2 months. If virologic failure is suspected, switch the patient to an alternative regimen as soon as possible.

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared with rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect rates observed in practice.

Clinical Trials Experience in Adults

The safety assessment of CABENUVA is based on the analysis of pooled 48-week data from 1,182 virologically suppressed subjects with HIV-1 infection in 2 international, multicenter, open-label pivotal trials, FLAIR and ATLAS, and 1,045 virologically suppressed subjects from the ATLAS-2M trial [see Clinical Studies (14.1)]. Additional safety information from other ongoing or earlier clinical trials in the cabotegravir and rilpivirine program have been considered in assessing the overall safety profile of CABENUVA.

Adverse reactions were reported following exposure to CABENUVA extended-release injectable suspensions (median time exposure at the time of analysis: 54 weeks in FLAIR and ATLAS, and 64 weeks in ATLAS-2M) and data from VOCABRIA (cabotegravir) tablets and EDURANT (rilpivirine) tablets administered in combination as oral lead-in therapy (median time exposure: 5.3 weeks in FLAIR and ATLAS, and 5.6 weeks in ATLAS-2M). Adverse reactions included those attributable to both the oral and injectable formulations of cabotegravir and rilpivirine administered as a combination regimen. Refer to the prescribing information for EDURANT (rilpivirine) for other adverse reactions associated with oral rilpivirine.

The most common adverse reactions regardless of severity reported in ≥2% of adult subjects from FLAIR and ATLAS at Week 48 are presented in Table 5. Selected laboratory abnormalities are included in Table 7. At Week 96, the overall safety profile for FLAIR was consistent with that observed at Week 48, with no new safety findings identified.

In the extension phase of the FLAIR study at Week 124, the overall safety profile was consistent with that observed at Week 48 and when injection therapy with CABENUVA was initiated directly without the oral lead-in phase.

Overall, 4% of subjects in the group receiving CABENUVA and 2% of subjects in the control group in FLAIR and ATLAS discontinued due to adverse events. Non-injection-site-related adverse events leading to discontinuation and occurring in more than 1 subject were headache, diarrhea, hepatitis A, and acute hepatitis B (all with an incidence <1%). In ATLAS-2M, 2% of subjects in both treatment groups discontinued due to adverse events. Non-injection-site–related adverse events leading to discontinuation and occurring in more than 1 subject in ATLAS-2M were fatigue, pyrexia, headache, presyncope, acute hepatitis B, hyperhidrosis, and abnormal dreams that occurred with an incidence of ≤1% in either treatment group.

Table 5. Adverse Reactions^a (Grades 1 to 4) Reported in at Least 2% of Subjects with HIV-1 Infection in FLAIR and ATLAS Trials (Week 48 Pooled Analyses)

Adverse Reactions	Cabotegravir plus Rilpivirine Once Monthly (n = 591)		Current Antiretroviral Regimen (n = 591)
	All Grades	At Least Grade 2	All Grades	At Least Grade 2
Injection site reactionsb	83%	37%	0	0
Pyrexiac	8%	2%	0	0
Fatigued	5%	1%	<1%	<1%
Headache	4%	<1%	<1%	<1%
Musculoskeletal paine	3%	1%	<1%	0
Nausea	3%	<1%	1%	<1%
Sleep disordersf	2%	<1%	<1%	0
Dizziness	2%	<1%	<1%	0
Rashg	2%	<1%	0	0

•   ^a Adverse reactions defined as “treatment-related” as assessed by the investigator.
  ^b See Injection-Associated Adverse Reactions for additional information.
  ^c Pyrexia: includes pyrexia, feeling hot, chills, influenza-like illness, body temperature increased.
  ^d Fatigue: includes fatigue, malaise, asthenia.
  ^e Musculoskeletal pain: includes musculoskeletal pain, musculoskeletal discomfort, back pain, myalgia, pain in extremity.
  ^f Sleep disorders: includes insomnia, poor quality sleep, somnolence.
  ^g Rash: includes erythema, pruritus, pruritus generalized, purpura, rash, rash- erythematous, generalized, macular.

In ATLAS-2M, the type and frequency of adverse reactions reported in subjects receiving CABENUVA once monthly or CABENUVA once every 2 months for 48 weeks were similar. Differences between treatment arms were reported for the types of injection-associated adverse reactions (see Injection-Associated Adverse Reactions for additional information).

Injection-Associated Adverse Reactions: Local Injection Site Reactions (ISRs): In the 3 Phase 3 studies, FLAIR, ATLAS, and ATLAS‑2M, the most frequent adverse reactions associated with the intramuscular administration of CABENUVA were ISRs.

In the pooled analysis of FLAIR and ATLAS, 83% of subjects reported any injection site reaction with the monthly dosing regimen, with 1% of subjects who discontinued treatment with CABENUVA because of ISRs. After 14,682 injections, 3,663 ISRs were reported. The severity of ISRs was generally mild (Grade 1: 75% of subjects) or moderate (Grade 2: 36% of subjects). Four percent (4%) of subjects experienced severe (Grade 3) ISRs, and no subject experienced Grade 4 ISRs. The median duration of overall ISR events was 3 days. The most commonly reported ISR in FLAIR and ATLAS was pain/discomfort, with 79% reported in the group receiving CABENUVA.

In ATLAS-2M, 75% of subjects reported any injection site reaction in both the monthly and every‑2‑month dosing regimens, with <1% of subjects who discontinued treatment with CABENUVA because of ISRs. When dosing monthly, after 15,711 injections, 3,152 ISRs were reported. When dosing every 2 months, after 8,470 injections, 2,507 ISRs were reported. The severity of ISRs was generally mild (Grade 1: 70% and 71% of subjects) or moderate (Grade 2: 28% and 27% of subjects) in monthly and every‑2‑month dosing regimens, respectively. Four percent (4%) of subjects in the monthly group and 3% of subjects in the every‑2‑month group experienced severe (Grade 3) ISRs, and no subject experienced Grade 4 ISRs. The median duration of overall ISR events was 3 days for both dosing regimens. The most commonly reported ISR in ATLAS‑2M was pain/discomfort, with 71% and 73% reported in the monthly and every‑2‑month dosing regimens, respectively. The severity and duration of ISRs, including pain/discomfort, were similar for both dosing regimens and in subjects without prior exposure to CABENUVA.

The most commonly reported ISR (Grades 1 to 3) in at least 1% of adult subjects in the pooled analyses from FLAIR and ATLAS, and from ATLAS‑2M, are presented in Table 6. The side‑by‑side tabulation is to simplify presentation; direct comparison across trials should not be made due to differing trials.

Table 6. Injection Site Reactions (Grades 1 to 3) Reported in at Least 1% of Subjects in FLAIR and ATLAS (Pooled Analysis) and ATLAS-2M Trials (Week 48 Analysis)

Injection Site Reactions	FLAIR and ATLAS	ATLAS-2M
	Cabotegravir plus Rilpivirine Once Monthly (n = 591)	Cabotegravir plus Rilpivirine Once Every 2 Months (n = 522)	Cabotegravir plus Rilpivirine Once Monthly (n = 523)
Any injection site reaction	83%	75%	75%
Pain/discomfort	79%	73%	71%
Nodules	14%	10%	17%
Induration	12%	8%	7%
Swelling	8%	6%	5%
Erythema	4%	2%	3%
Pruritus	4%	5%	5%
Bruising/discoloration	3%	2%	2%
Warmth	2%	1%	2%
Hematoma	2%	<1%	3%

•  Anesthesia, abscess, cellulitis, and hemorrhage at the injection site were each reported in <1% of subjects.

            Other Injection-Associated Adverse Reactions: In the ATLAS and FLAIR clinical trials, an increased incidence of pyrexia (8%) was reported by subjects receiving cabotegravir plus rilpivirine injections compared with no events among subjects receiving current antiretroviral regimen. In ATLAS and FLAIR, no cases were serious or led to withdrawal and the occurrences of pyrexia may represent a response to administration of CABENUVA via intramuscular injection. In ATLAS-2M, 1 subject in each arm reported pyrexia that led to withdrawal.

In ATLAS and FLAIR, reports of musculoskeletal pain (3%) and less frequently, sciatica, were also more common in subjects receiving cabotegravir plus rilpivirine compared with the current antiretroviral regimen and some events had a temporal association with injection.

Vasovagal or pre-syncopal reactions were reported in <1% of subjects after injection with rilpivirine or cabotegravir.

Less Common Adverse Reactions: The following select adverse reactions (regardless of severity) occurred in <2% of subjects receiving cabotegravir plus rilpivirine.

            Gastrointestinal Disorders: Abdominal pain (including upper abdominal pain), gastritis, dyspepsia, vomiting, diarrhea, and flatulence.

            Hepatobiliary Disorders: Hepatotoxicity.

            Investigations: Weight increase (see below).

            Psychiatric Disorders: Anxiety (including anxiety and irritability), depression, abnormal dreams, suicidal ideation, and suicide attempt (these events were observed primarily in subjects with a pre-existing history of depression or other psychiatric illness).

            Skin and Hypersensitivity Reactions: Hypersensitivity reactions.

Weight Increase: At Week 48, subjects in FLAIR and ATLAS who received cabotegravir plus rilpivirine had a median weight gain of 1.5 kg; those in the current antiretroviral regimen group had a median weight gain of 1.0 kg (pooled analysis). In the FLAIR trial, the median weight gain in subjects receiving cabotegravir plus rilpivirine or a dolutegravir-containing regimen was 1.3 kg and 1.5 kg, respectively, compared with 1.8 kg and 0.3 kg, respectively, in the ATLAS trial in subjects receiving either cabotegravir plus rilpivirine or a protease inhibitor-, non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI)-, or integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI)-containing regimen, respectively. At Week 48, subjects in ATLAS-2M who received cabotegravir plus rilpivirine in both the monthly and every-2-month treatment arms had a median weight gain of 1.0 kg.

Laboratory Abnormalities: Selected laboratory abnormalities with a worsening grade from baseline and representing the worst-grade toxicity are presented in Table 7. The side-by-side tabulation is to simplify presentation; direct comparison across trials should not be made due to differing trials.

Table 7. Selected Laboratory Abnormalities (Grades 3 to 4, Week 48) in FLAIR and ATLAS (Pooled Analyses) and ATLAS-2M Trials

ALT = Alanine aminotransferase, ULN = Upper limit of normal, AST = Aspartate transaminase.
Laboratory Parameter	FLAIR and ATLAS		ATLAS-2M
	Cabotegravir plus Rilpivirine Once Monthly (n = 591)	Current Antiretroviral Regimen (n = 591)	Cabotegravir plus Rilpivirine Once Every 2 Months (n = 522)	Cabotegravir plus Rilpivirine Once Monthly (n = 523)
ALT (≥5.0 x ULN)	2%	<1%	<1%	<1%
AST (≥5.0 x ULN)	2%	<1%	<1%	1%
Total bilirubin (≥2.6 x ULN)	<1%	<1%	<1%	<1%
Creatine phosphokinase (≥10.0 x ULN)	8%	4%	3%	4%
Lipase (≥3.0 x ULN)	5%	3%	3%	2%

            Changes in Total Bilirubin: Small, non-progressive increases in total bilirubin (without clinical jaundice) were observed with cabotegravir plus rilpivirine. These changes are not considered clinically relevant as they likely reflect competition between cabotegravir and unconjugated bilirubin for a common clearance pathway (UGT1A1) [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

            Serum Cortisol: In pooled Phase 3 trials of EDURANT (rilpivirine), the overall mean change from baseline in basal cortisol was -0.69 (-1.12, 0.27) mcg/dL in the group receiving EDURANT compared with -0.02 (-0.48, 0.44) mcg/dL in the control group. Abnormal responses to ACTH stimulation tests were also higher in the group receiving EDURANT. The clinical significance of the higher abnormal rate of ACTH stimulation tests in the group receiving EDURANT is not known. Refer to the prescribing information for EDURANT for additional information.

Clinical Trial Experience in Adolescents

Based on data from the Week 16 analysis of the MOCHA study in 23 adolescents (aged 12 to younger than 18 years and weighing ≥35 kg) receiving background antiretroviral therapy, the safety profile in adolescents with the addition of either oral cabotegravir followed by injectable cabotegravir (n = 8) or oral rilpivirine (n = 15) followed by injectable rilpivirine (n = 13) was consistent with the safety profile established with cabotegravir plus rilpivirine in adults. Adverse reactions were reported in 61% of adolescent subjects receiving either cabotegravir or rilpivirine. The majority of these subjects (86%) had a Grade 1 or Grade 2 adverse reaction. The adverse reactions reported by more than one subject (regardless of severity) were injection site pain (n = 13) and insomnia (n = 2). Two subjects had Grade 3 adverse reactions of hypersensitivity (n = 1) and insomnia (n = 1). The Grade 3 adverse reaction of drug hypersensitivity led to discontinuation of rilpivirine during oral lead-in. Sixty-two percent of subjects who received at least 1 injection of cabotegravir or rilpivirine reported at least 1 ISR. All ISRs were Grade 1 or Grade 2.

The following adverse reactions have been identified during postmarketing experience in patients receiving cabotegravir- or oral-rilpivirine-containing regimens. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

Immune System Disorders

Hypersensitivity reactions (including angioedema and urticaria) [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

Renal and Genitourinary Disorders

Nephrotic syndrome.

Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders

Severe skin and hypersensitivity reactions, including DRESS [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)].

Because CABENUVA is a complete regimen, coadministration with other antiretroviral medications for the treatment of HIV-1 infection is not recommended [see Indications and Usage (1)].

Residual concentrations of cabotegravir and rilpivirine may remain in the systemic circulation of patients for prolonged periods (up to 12 months or longer). These residual concentrations are not expected to affect the exposures of antiretroviral drugs that are initiated after discontinuation of CABENUVA [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6), Drug Interactions (7.4), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Refer to the prescribing information for VOCABRIA (cabotegravir) and EDURANT (rilpivirine) for additional drug interaction information related to oral cabotegravir and oral rilpivirine, respectively.

Cabotegravir

Cabotegravir is primarily metabolized by UGT1A1 with some contribution from UGT1A9. Drugs that are strong inducers of UGT1A1 or UGT1A9 are expected to decrease cabotegravir plasma concentrations and may result in loss of virologic response; therefore, coadministration of CABENUVA with these drugs is contraindicated [see Contraindications (4)].

Rilpivirine

Rilpivirine is primarily metabolized by CYP3A. Coadministration of CABENUVA and drugs that induce CYP3A may result in decreased plasma concentrations of rilpivirine and loss of virologic response and possible resistance to rilpivirine or to the class of NNRTIs [see Contraindications (4), Drug Interactions (7.4)]. Coadministration of CABENUVA and drugs that inhibit CYP3A may result in increased plasma concentrations of rilpivirine [see Drug Interactions (7.4), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

QT-Prolonging Drugs: At mean steady-state C_max values 4.4- and 11.6-fold higher than those with the recommended 600‑mg dose of rilpivirine extended-release injectable suspension, rilpivirine may prolong the QTc interval [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.2)]. CABENUVA should be used with caution in combination with drugs with a known risk of Torsade de Pointes [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5), Drug Interactions (7.4)].

Refer to the prescribing information for VOCABRIA (cabotegravir) and EDURANT (rilpivirine) for additional drug interaction information related to oral cabotegravir and oral rilpivirine, respectively.

Information regarding potential drug interactions with cabotegravir and rilpivirine is provided in Table 8. These recommendations are based on either drug interaction trials following oral administration of cabotegravir or rilpivirine or predicted interactions due to the expected magnitude of the interaction and potential for loss of virologic response [see Contraindications (4), Warnings and Precautions (5.5), Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. Table 8 includes potentially significant interactions but is not all inclusive.

Table 8. Drug Interactions with CABENUVA

↑ = Increase, ↓ = Decrease, ↔ = No change. a  See Clinical Pharmacology (12.3) for magnitude of interaction.
Concomitant Drug Class: Drug Name	Effect on Concentration	Clinical Comment
Anticonvulsants: Carbamazepine Oxcarbazepine Phenobarbital Phenytoin	↓Cabotegravir ↓Rilpivirine	Coadministration is contraindicated with CABENUVA due to potential for loss of virologic response and development of resistance [see Contraindications (4)].
Antimycobacterials: Rifampina Rifapentine	↓Cabotegravir ↓Rilpivirine
Antimycobacterial: Rifabutina	↓Cabotegravir ↔Rifabutin ↓Rilpivirine
Glucocorticoid (systemic): Dexamethasone (more than a single-dose treatment)	↓Rilpivirine
Herbal product: St John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum)	↓Rilpivirine
Macrolide or ketolide antibiotics: Azithromycin Clarithromycin Erythromycin	↔Cabotegravir ↑Rilpivirine	Macrolides are expected to increase concentrations of rilpivirine and are associated with a risk of Torsade de Pointes [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)]. Where possible, consider alternatives, such as azithromycin, which increases rilpivirine concentrations less than other macrolides.
Narcotic analgesic: Methadonea	↔Cabotegravir ↓Methadone ↔Rilpivirine	No dose adjustment of methadone is required when starting coadministration of methadone with CABENUVA. However, clinical monitoring is recommended as methadone maintenance therapy may need to be adjusted in some patients.

Cabotegravir

Based on drug interaction study results, the following drugs can be coadministered with cabotegravir (non-antiretrovirals and rilpivirine) or given after discontinuation of cabotegravir (antiretrovirals and non-antiretrovirals) without a dose adjustment: etravirine, midazolam, oral contraceptives containing levonorgestrel and ethinyl estradiol, and rilpivirine [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Rilpivirine

Based on drug interaction study results, the following drugs can be coadministered with rilpivirine (non-antiretrovirals and cabotegravir) or given after discontinuation of rilpivirine (antiretrovirals and non-antiretrovirals): acetaminophen, atorvastatin, cabotegravir, chlorzoxazone, dolutegravir, ethinyl estradiol, norethindrone, raltegravir, ritonavir-boosted atazanavir, ritonavir-boosted darunavir, sildenafil, tenofovir alafenamide, and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. Rilpivirine did not have a clinically significant effect on the pharmacokinetics of digoxin or metformin.

Pregnancy Exposure Registry

There is a pregnancy exposure registry that monitors pregnancy outcomes in individuals exposed to CABENUVA during pregnancy. Healthcare providers are encouraged to register patients by calling the Antiretroviral Pregnancy Registry (APR) at 1-800-258-4263.

Risk Summary

There are insufficient human data on the use of CABENUVA during pregnancy to adequately assess a drug-associated risk of birth defects and miscarriage. While there are insufficient human data to assess the risk of neural tube defects (NTDs) with exposure to CABENUVA during pregnancy, NTDs were associated with dolutegravir, another integrase inhibitor. Discuss the benefit-risk of using CABENUVA with individuals of childbearing potential or during pregnancy.

Cabotegravir and rilpivirine are detected in systemic circulation for up to 12 months or longer after discontinuing injections of CABENUVA; therefore, consideration should be given to the potential for fetal exposure during pregnancy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6), Drug Interactions (7.2)].

Cabotegravir use in pregnant individuals has not been evaluated. Available data from the APR show no difference in the overall risk of birth defects for rilpivirine compared with the background rate for major birth defects of 2.7% in a United States (U.S.) reference population of the Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program (MACDP) (see Data).

The rate of miscarriage is not reported in the APR. The background risk for major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. The background rate for major birth defects in a U.S. reference population of the MACDP is 2.7%. The estimated background rate of miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies in the U.S. general population is 15% to 20%. The APR uses the MACDP as the U.S. reference population for birth defects in the general population. The MACDP evaluates mothers and infants from a limited geographic area and does not include outcomes for births that occurred at <20 weeks’ gestation.

In animal reproduction studies with oral cabotegravir, a delay in the onset of parturition and increased stillbirths and neonatal deaths were observed in a rat pre- and postnatal development study at >28 times the exposure at the recommended human dose (RHD). No evidence of adverse developmental outcomes was observed with oral cabotegravir in rats or rabbits (>28 times or similar to the exposure at the RHD, respectively) given during organogenesis (see Data).

No adverse developmental outcomes were observed when rilpivirine was administered orally at exposures 15 (rats) and 70 (rabbits) times the exposure in humans at the RHD (see Data).

Clinical Considerations

Lower exposures with oral rilpivirine were observed during pregnancy. Viral load should be monitored closely if the patient remains on CABENUVA during pregnancy. Cabotegravir and rilpivirine are detected in systemic circulation for up to 12 months or longer after discontinuing injections of CABENUVA; therefore, consideration should be given to the potential for fetal exposure during pregnancy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)].

Data

Human Data: Cabotegravir: Data from a birth outcome surveillance study in Botswana showed that dolutegravir, another integrase inhibitor, was associated with increased risk of NTDs when administered at the time of conception and in early pregnancy. Data from clinical trials are insufficient to address this risk with cabotegravir.

            Rilpivirine: Based on prospective reports to the APR of over 580 exposures to oral rilpivirine-containing regimens during the first trimester of pregnancy and over 200 during second/third trimester of pregnancy, the prevalence of birth defects in live births was 1.5% (95% CI: 0.7% to 2.9%) and 1.5% (95% CI: 0.3% to 4.2%) following first and second/third trimester exposures, respectively, compared with the background birth defect rate of 2.7% in the U.S. reference population of the MACDP. In a clinical trial, total oral rilpivirine exposures were generally lower during pregnancy compared with the postpartum period. Refer to the prescribing information for EDURANT (rilpivirine) for additional information on rilpivirine.

Animal Data: Cabotegravir: Cabotegravir was administered orally to pregnant rats at 0, 0.5, 5, or 1,000 mg/kg/day from 15 days before cohabitation, during cohabitation, and from Gestation Days 0 to 17. There were no effects on fetal viability when fetuses were delivered by caesarean, although a minor decrease in fetal body weight was observed at 1,000 mg/kg/day (>28 times the exposure in humans at the RHD). No drug-related fetal toxicities were observed at 5 mg/kg/day (approximately 13 times the exposure in humans at the RHD), and no drug-related fetal malformations were observed at any dose.

Cabotegravir was administered orally to pregnant rabbits at 0, 30, 500, or 2,000 mg/kg/day from Gestation Days 7 to 19. No drug-related fetal toxicities were observed at 2,000 mg/kg/day (approximately 0.7 times the exposure in humans at the RHD).

In a rat pre- and postnatal development study, cabotegravir was administered orally to pregnant rats at 0, 0.5, 5, or 1,000 mg/kg/day from Gestation Day 6 to Lactation Day 21. A delay in the onset of parturition and increases in the number of stillbirths and neonatal deaths by Lactation Day 4 were observed at 1,000 mg/kg/day (>28 times the exposure in humans at the RHD); there were no alterations to growth and development of surviving offspring. In a cross-fostering study, similar incidences of stillbirths and early postnatal deaths were observed when rat pups born to cabotegravir-treated mothers were nursed from birth by control mothers. There was no effect on neonatal survival of control pups nursed from birth by cabotegravir-treated mothers. A lower dose of 5 mg/kg/day (13 times the exposure at the RHD) was not associated with delayed parturition or neonatal mortality in rats. Studies in pregnant rats showed that cabotegravir crosses the placenta and can be detected in fetal tissue.

            Rilpivirine: Rilpivirine was administered orally to pregnant rats (40, 120, or 400 mg/kg/day) and rabbits (5, 10, or 20 mg/kg/day) through organogenesis (on Gestation Days 6 through 17 and 6 through 19, respectively). No significant toxicological effects were observed in embryo-fetal toxicity studies performed with rilpivirine in rats and rabbits at exposures 15 (rats) and 70 (rabbits) times the exposure in humans at the RHD. In a pre- and postnatal development study, rilpivirine was administered orally up to 400 mg/kg/day through lactation. No adverse effects were noted in the offspring at maternal exposures up to 63 times the exposure in humans at the RHD.

Risk Summary

Based on limited data after oral administration, rilpivirine is present in human breast milk. The data do not allow determination of the amount of rilpivirine that is transferred to milk. There are no data on the presence of cabotegravir in human milk. Cabotegravir is present in animal milk (see Data). When a drug is present in animal milk, it is likely that the drug will be present in human milk. It is not known if the components of CABENUVA affect human milk production or have effects on the breastfed infant. Residual exposures in human milk of cabotegravir (if present) and rilpivirine may remain for 12 months or longer after the last injections have been administered [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)].

Potential risks of breastfeeding include: (1) HIV‑1 transmission (in HIV-1–negative infants), (2) developing viral resistance (in HIV-1–positive infants), and (3) adverse reactions in a breastfed infant similar to those seen in adults.

Data

Cabotegravir: Animal lactation studies with cabotegravir have not been conducted. However, cabotegravir was detected in the plasma of nursing pups on Lactation Day 10 in the rat pre- and postnatal development study.

The safety and effectiveness of CABENUVA have been established in adolescents aged 12 to younger than 18 years and weighing at least 35 kg, which is supported by the following:

• Trials in adults [see Clinical Studies (14.1)]
• MOCHA (NCT03497676) trial in adolescents

MOCHA Trial

The safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of oral and injectable cabotegravir and oral and injectable rilpivirine are being assessed in an ongoing Phase 1/2 multicenter, open-label, non-comparative study, MOCHA (IMPAACT 2017). Data are available from the Week 16 interim analysis from MOCHA. The primary objective at Week 16 was to confirm the use of the adult dose, through the evaluation of safety and pharmacokinetics, for oral and injectable cabotegravir and injectable rilpivirine in HIV-1–infected virologically suppressed adolescents.

Twenty-three HIV-1–infected and virologically suppressed adolescents aged 12 to younger than 18 years and weighing at least 35 kg were assigned to 1 of 2 cohorts, 1C or 1R, based on their background antiretroviral regimen. In cohort 1C, participants (n = 8) received one 30-mg cabotegravir tablet daily for 1 month, followed by monthly cabotegravir injections (Month 1: 600-mg injection, Months 2 and 3: 400-mg injection) for an additional 3 months, while continuing background antiretroviral therapy. In cohort 1R, participants received one 25-mg rilpivirine tablet (n = 15) daily for 1 month, followed by monthly rilpivirine injections (n = 13) (Month 1: 900-mg injection, Months 2 and 3: 600-mg injection) for an additional 3 months, while continuing background antiretroviral therapy.

At baseline, in cohort 1C, the median age of participants was 14.5 years; the median weight was 57.2 kg (range: 43.0, 73.5); 25% were female; 100% were non-White; and no participant had a CD4+ cell count <350 cells per mm³. At baseline, median CD4+ cell count was 725 cells per mm³ (range: 629 to 924). In cohort 1R, the median age of participants was 17 years; the median weight was 63.0 kg (range: 44.1, 98.5); 53% were female; 73% were non-White; and no participant had a CD4+ cell count <350 cells per mm³. At baseline, median CD4+ cell count was 827 cells per mm³ (range: 439 to 1,509).

The safety of CABENUVA in adolescents is expected to be similar to adults, as there was no clinically significant difference in drug exposure for the components of CABENUVA [see Adverse Reactions (6.1)]. The efficacy of CABENUVA in adolescents is extrapolated from adults with support from pharmacokinetic analyses showing similar drug exposure [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

The safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of CABENUVA have not been established in pediatric patients younger than 12 years of age or weighing <35 kg.

Clinical trials of CABENUVA did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and older to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. In general, caution should be exercised in administration of CABENUVA in elderly patients, reflecting greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Based on studies with oral cabotegravir and population pharmacokinetic analyses of oral rilpivirine, no dosage adjustment of CABENUVA is necessary for patients with mild (creatinine clearance ≥60 to <90 mL/min) or moderate renal impairment (creatinine clearance ≥30 to <60 mL/min). In patients with severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance 15 to <30 mL/min) or end-stage renal disease (creatinine clearance <15 mL/min), increased monitoring for adverse effects is recommended [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)]. In patients with end-stage renal disease not on dialysis, effects on the pharmacokinetics of cabotegravir or rilpivirine are unknown. As cabotegravir and rilpivirine are >99% protein bound, dialysis is not expected to alter exposures of cabotegravir or rilpivirine.

Based on separate studies with oral cabotegravir and oral rilpivirine, no dosage adjustment of CABENUVA is necessary for patients with mild or moderate hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh A or B). The effect of severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh C) on the pharmacokinetics of cabotegravir or rilpivirine is unknown [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

CABENUVA contains 2 long-acting HIV-1 antiretroviral drugs, cabotegravir and rilpivirine [see Microbiology (12.4)].

Cardiac Electrophysiology

At a dose of cabotegravir 150 mg orally every 12 hours (10 times the recommended total daily oral lead-in dosage of CABENUVA), the QT interval is not prolonged to any clinically relevant extent. Administration of 3 doses of cabotegravir 150 mg orally every 12 hours resulted in a geometric mean C_max approximately 2.8-, 5.4-, and 5.6-fold above the geometric mean steady-state C_max associated with the recommended 30‑mg dose of oral cabotegravir, the recommended 400‑mg dose given monthly, and the recommended 600-mg dose given every 2 months of cabotegravir extended-release injectable suspension, respectively.

At the recommended dose of rilpivirine 25 mg orally once daily, the QT interval is not prolonged to any clinically relevant extent. The rilpivirine 25-mg once-daily mean steady-state C_max was 247 ng/mL, which is 1.7-fold higher than the mean steady-state C_max observed with the recommended 600-mg dose of rilpivirine extended-release injectable suspension given monthly and 1.6-fold higher than the mean steady-state C_max observed with the recommended 900-mg dose of rilpivirine extended-release injectable suspension given every 2 months.

When rilpivirine 75-mg and 300-mg once-daily oral doses (3 and 12 times, respectively, the recommended oral lead-in dosage) were studied in healthy adults, the maximum mean time-matched (95% upper confidence bound) differences in QTcF interval were 10.7 (15.3) and 23.3 (28.4) msec, respectively, after baseline and placebo adjustment. Steady-state administration of rilpivirine 75 mg once daily and 300 mg once daily resulted in a mean steady-state C_max approximately 4.4- and 11.6-fold, respectively, higher than the mean steady-state C_max observed with the recommended 600-mg dose of rilpivirine extended-release injectable suspension given monthly and approximately 4.1- and 10.7-fold, respectively, higher than the mean steady-state C_max observed with the recommended 900-mg dose of rilpivirine extended-release injectable suspension given every 2 months. The corresponding C_max ratios are 2.6 and 6.7 when compared with the recommended oral rilpivirine dosage [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)].

Absorption, Distribution, and Elimination

The pharmacokinetic properties of the components of CABENUVA are provided in Table 9. The multiple-dose pharmacokinetic parameters are provided in Table 10. For the pharmacokinetic properties of oral cabotegravir and oral rilpivirine, refer to the full prescribing information for VOCABRIA (cabotegravir) and EDURANT (rilpivirine), respectively.

Table 9. Pharmacokinetic Properties of the Components of CABENUVA

CSF = Cerebrospinal fluid, BLQ = Below limit of quantification.
a When taken orally with a high-fat meal versus fasted, the AUC(0-inf) (geometric mean ratio [90% CI] of cabotegravir and rilpivirine are 1.14 [1.02, 1.28] and 1.72 [1.36, 2.16]), respectively. b The clinical relevance of CSF-to-plasma concentration ratios is unknown. Concentrations were measured at steady-state 1 week after intramuscular administration of cabotegravir and rilpivirine extended-release injectable suspensions given monthly or every 2 months. c Elimination half-life driven by slow absorption rate from the intramuscular injection site. d Dosing in mass balance studies: single-dose oral administration of [14C] cabotegravir; single-dose oral administration of [14C] rilpivirine.
	Cabotegravir	Rilpivirine
Absorptiona
Tmax (days), median	7	3 to 4
Distribution
% Bound to human plasma proteins	>99.8	99.7
Blood-to-plasma ratio	0.52	0.7
CSF-to-plasma concentration ratio (median [range])b	0.003	0.01
	(0.002 to 0.004)	(BLQ to 0.02)
Elimination
t1/2 (weeks), meanc	5.6 to 11.5	13 to 28
Metabolism
Metabolic pathways	UGT1A1	CYP3A
	UGT1A9 (minor)
Excretion
Major route of elimination	Metabolism	Metabolism
% of dose excreted as total 14C (unchanged drug) in urined	27 (0)	6 (<1)
% of dose excreted as total 14C (unchanged drug) in fecesd	59 (47)	85 (26)

Table 10. Pharmacokinetic Parameters following Once-Daily Oral Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine and following Initiation and Monthly and Every-2-Month Continuation Intramuscular Injections of the Components of CABENUVA in Adults

IM = Intramuscular.
a Pharmacokinetic parameter values were based on individual post-hoc estimates from separate cabotegravir and rilpivirine population pharmacokinetic models (cabotegravir: pooled FLAIR and ATLAS for the oral, initial, and monthly injection dosing schedule and ATLAS-2M [subjects with no prior exposure to cabotegravir plus rilpivirine] for the every-2-month injection dosing schedule; rilpivirine: pooled FLAIR, ATLAS, and ATLAS-2M [subjects with no prior exposure], except for initial injection (direct to injection) [see footnote e] and for oral rilpivirine [see footnote g]). b tau is dosing interval: 24 hours for oral cabotegravir and rilpivirine, 1 month for cabotegravir and rilpivirine extended-release injectable suspensions given monthly, 2 months for cabotegravir and rilpivirine extended-release injectable suspensions given every 2 months. c Oral lead-in pharmacokinetic parameter values represent steady-state. d Initial injection Cmax values primarily reflect oral dosing because the initial injection was administered on the same day as the last oral dose; however, AUC(0-tau) and the Ctau values reflect the initial injections for cabotegravir and rilpivirine. e Pharmacokinetic parameters for initial injection (direct to injection) based on observed data from FLAIR Extension Phase (n = 110), AUC not calculated based on observed data, Cmax = 1 week following initial injection, Ctau = 1 month following initial injection. f Monthly and every-2-month injection pharmacokinetic parameter values represent Week 48 data. g Oral rilpivirine: AUC(0-tau) based on population pharmacokinetic estimates of rilpivirine 25 mg once daily from pooled Phase 3 trials with EDURANT (rilpivirine); Ctau based on observed data from FLAIR, ATLAS, and ATLAS-2M; Cmax based on observed data for rilpivirine 25 mg once daily from a pharmacokinetic substudy in pooled Phase 3 trials with EDURANT (rilpivirine).
Drug	Dosing Phase	Dosage Regimen	Geometric Mean (5th, 95th Percentile)a
			AUC(0-tau) b (mcgh/mL)	Cmax (mcg/mL)	Ctau b (mcg/mL)
Cabotegravir	Oral lead-inc	30 mg once daily	145 (93.5, 224)	8.0 (5.3, 11.9)	4.6 (2.8, 7.5)
	Initial injection (after oral lead-in)d	600 mg IM initial dose	1,591 (714; 3,245)	8.0 (5.3, 11.9)	1.5 (0.65, 2.9)
	Initial injection (direct to injection)e	600 mg IM initial dose	—	1.89 (0.438, 5.69)	1.43 (0.403, 3.90)
	Monthly injectionf	400 mg IM monthly	2,415 (1,494; 3,645)	4.2 (2.5, 6.5)	2.8 (1.7, 4.6)
	Every-2-month injectionf	600 mg IM every 2 months	3,764 (2,431; 5,857)	4.0 (2.3, 6.8)	1.6 (0.8, 3.0)
Drug	Dosing Phase	Dosage Regimen	Geometric Mean (5th, 95th Percentile)a
			AUC(0-tau) b (ngh/mL)	Cmax (ng/mL)	Ctau b (ng/mL)
Rilpivirine	Oral lead-inc,g	25 mg once daily	2,083 (1,125; 3,748)	116 (48.6, 244)	79.4 (31.8, 177)
	Initial injection (after oral lead-in)d	900 mg IM initial dose	44,842 (21,712; 87,575)	144 (93.9, 221)	41.9 (21.7, 78.9)
	Initial injection (direct to injection)e	900 mg IM initial dose	—	68 (27.5, 220)	48.9 (17.7, 138)
	Monthly injectionf	600 mg IM monthly	68,324 (39,042; 118,111)	121 (68.1, 210)	85.8 (49.6, 147)
	Every-2-month injectionf	900 mg IM every 2 months	132,450 (76,638; 221,783)	138 (80.6, 228)	68.9 (38.0, 119)

Specific Populations

No clinically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of cabotegravir or rilpivirine were observed based on age, sex, race/ethnicity, BMI, or UGT1A1 polymorphisms.

Cabotegravir and rilpivirine concentrations in subjects who were hepatitis C virus antibody positive at baseline were similar to those in the overall study population. The effect of hepatitis B virus co-infection on the pharmacokinetics of cabotegravir is unknown. No clinically relevant differences in the pharmacokinetics of oral rilpivirine have been observed with hepatitis B and/or C virus co-infection.

Patients with Renal Impairment: With oral cabotegravir, no clinically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of cabotegravir are expected in patients with mild, moderate, or severe renal impairment. Cabotegravir has not been studied in patients with end-stage renal disease not on dialysis. As cabotegravir is >99% protein bound, dialysis is not expected to alter exposures of cabotegravir [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6)].

Population pharmacokinetic analyses indicated that mild renal impairment had no clinically relevant effect on the exposure of oral rilpivirine. There is limited or no information regarding the pharmacokinetics of rilpivirine in patients with moderate or severe renal impairment or end-stage renal disease not on dialysis. As rilpivirine is >99% protein bound, dialysis is not expected to alter exposures of rilpivirine [see Use in Specific Populations (8.6)].

Patients with Hepatic Impairment: No clinically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of cabotegravir are expected in mild to moderate (Child-Pugh A or B) hepatic impairment. The effect of severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh C) on the pharmacokinetics of cabotegravir has not been studied [see Use in Specific Populations (8.7)].

No clinically significant differences in the pharmacokinetics of rilpivirine were observed in mild to moderate (Child-Pugh A or B) hepatic impairment. The effect of severe hepatic impairment (Child-Pugh C) has not been studied [see Use in Specific Populations (8.7)].

Geriatric Patients: The pharmacokinetics of cabotegravir (oral or injectable) and of injectable rilpivirine have not been studied and data are limited in subjects aged 65 years or older [see Use in Specific Populations (8.5)].

Pediatric Patients: Population pharmacokinetic analyses revealed no clinically relevant differences in exposure between HIV-1–infected adolescent (weighing ≥35 kg and aged at least 12 years) and HIV-1–infected and –uninfected adult participants from the cabotegravir or rilpivirine development program.

Table 11. Predicted Pharmacokinetic Parameters following Cabotegravir and Rilpivirine Orally Once Daily, and Initiation, Monthly, and Every-2-Months Continuation Intramuscular Injections in Adolescents Aged 12 to Younger than 18 Years (≥35 kg)

IM = intramuscular, PO = by mouth.
a Pharmacokinetic parameter values were based on population pharmacokinetic model simulations in a virtual HIV-1–infected adolescent population weighing 35 to 156 kg.
b tau is dosing interval: 24 hours for oral administration, 1 month for the initial injection and monthly intramuscular injections, and 2 months for every-2-months intramuscular injections of extended‑release injectable suspension.
c Oral lead-in pharmacokinetic parameter values represent steady-state.
d Initial injection Cmax values primarily reflect oral dosing because the initial injection was administered on the same day as the last oral dose; however, the AUC(0-tau) and Ctau values reflect the initial injection.
e Monthly and every-2-month injection pharmacokinetic parameter values represent Week 48 data.
Drug	Dosing Phase	Dosage Regimen	Geometric Mean (5th, 95th Percentile)a
			AUC(0-tau) b (mcgh/mL)	Cmax (mcg/mL)	Ctau b (mcg/mL)
Cabotegravir	Oral lead-inc	30 mg once daily	193 (106, 346)	14.4 (8.02, 25.5)	5.79 (2.48, 12.6)
	Initial injectiond	600 mg IM initial dose	2,123 (881; 4,938)	11.2 (5.63, 21.5)	1.84 (0.64, 4.52)
	Every-1-month injectione	400 mg IM every 1 month	3,222 (1,879; 5,406)	7.88 (4.41, 13.8)	3.65 (1.63, 7.49)
	Every-2-months injectione	600 mg IM every 2 months	4,871 (2,827; 8,232)	7.23 (3.76, 14.1)	2.01 (0.64, 4.73)
Drug	Dosing Phase	Dosage Regimen	Geometric Mean (5th, 95th Percentile)
			AUC(0-tau) b (ngh/mL)	Cmax (ng/mL)	Ctau b (ng/mL)
Rilpivirine	Oral lead-inc	25 mg PO once daily	2,389 (1,259; 4,414)	144 (80.8, 234)	82.5 (37.5, 167)
	Initial injectiond	900 mg IM initial dose	41,515 (19,301; 82,646)	156 (93.4, 246)	39.7 (20.0, 78.2)
	Every-1-month injectione	600 mg IM every month	74,717 (40,243; 136,114)	128 (67.8, 233)	97.3 (51.1, 175)
	Every-2-months injectione	900 mg IM every 2 months	114,139 (61,432; 206,214)	111 (57.6, 212)	63.1 (32.9, 117)

Drug Interaction Studies

Cabotegravir is not a clinically relevant inhibitor of the following enzymes and transporters: CYP1A2, 2A6, 2B6, 2C8, 2C9, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4; UGT1A1, 1A3, 1A4, 1A6, 1A9, 2B4, 2B7, 2B15, and 2B17; P-glycoprotein (P‑gp); breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP); bile salt export pump (BSEP); organic cation transporter (OCT)1, OCT2; organic anion transporter polypeptide (OATP)1B1, OATP1B3; multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter (MATE) 1, MATE 2-K; and multidrug resistance protein (MRP)2 or MRP4.

In vitro, cabotegravir inhibited renal OAT1 (IC₅₀ = 0.81 microM) and OAT3 (IC₅₀ = 0.41 microM). Based on physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling, cabotegravir may increase the AUC of OAT1/3 substrates up to approximately 80%.

In vitro, cabotegravir did not induce CYP1A2, CYP2B6, or CYP3A4.

‎Simulations using PBPK modeling show that no clinically significant interaction is expected during coadministration of cabotegravir with drugs that inhibit UGT1A1.

In vitro, cabotegravir was not a substrate of OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OATP2B1, or OCT1.

Cabotegravir is a substrate of P-gp and BCRP in vitro; however, because of its high permeability, no alteration in cabotegravir absorption is expected with coadministration of P-gp or BCRP inhibitors.

Rilpivirine is not likely to have a clinically relevant effect on the exposure of drugs metabolized by CYP enzymes.

Drug interaction studies were not conducted with injectable cabotegravir or injectable rilpivirine. Drug interaction studies with oral cabotegravir or oral rilpivirine are summarized in Tables 12, 13, 14, and 15.

Table 12. Effect of Coadministered Drugs on the Pharmacokinetics of Cabotegravir

n = Maximum number of subjects with data, CI = Confidence Interval.
Coadministered Drug(s) and Dose(s)	Dose of Cabotegravir	n	Geometric Mean Ratio (90% CI) of Cabotegravir Pharmacokinetic Parameters with/without Coadministered Drugs No Effect = 1.00
			Cmax	AUC	Ctau or C24
Etravirine	30 mg	12	1.04	1.01	1.00
200 mg twice daily	once daily		(0.99, 1.09)	(0.96, 1.06)	(0.94, 1.06)
Rifabutin	30 mg	12	0.83	0.77	0.74
300 mg once daily	once daily		(0.76, 0.90)	(0.74, 0.83)	(0.70, 0.78)
Rifampin	30-mg	15	0.94	0.41	0.50
600 mg once daily	single dose		(0.87, 1.02)	(0.36, 0.46)	(0.44, 0.57)
Rilpivirine	30 mg	11	1.05	1.12	1.14
25 mg once daily	once daily		(0.96, 1.15)	(1.05, 1.19)	(1.04, 1.24)

Table 13. Effect of Coadministered Drugs on the Pharmacokinetics of Rilpivirine

n = Maximum number of subjects with data, CI = Confidence Interval, ↔ = No change. a This interaction study has been performed with a dose higher than the recommended dose for rilpivirine (25 mg once daily) assessing the maximal effect on the coadministered drug. b Comparison based on historic controls.
Coadministered Drug(s) and Dose(s)	Dose of Rilpivirine	n	Geometric Mean Ratio (90% CI) of Rilpivirine Pharmacokinetic Parameters with/without Coadministered Drugs No Effect = 1.00
			Cmax	AUC	Cmin
Acetaminophen	150 mg	16	1.09	1.16	1.26
500-mg single dose	once dailya		(1.01 to 1.18)	(1.10 to 1.22)	(1.16 to 1.38)
Atorvastatin	150 mg	16	0.91	0.90	0.90
40 mg once daily	once dailya		(0.79 to 1.06)	(0.81 to 0.99)	(0.84 to 0.96)
Chlorzoxazone	150 mg	16	1.17	1.25	1.18
500-mg single dose taken 2 hours after rilpivirine	once dailya		(1.08 to 1.27)	(1.16 to 1.35)	(1.09 to 1.28)
Darunavir/ritonavir	150 mg	14	1.79	2.30	2.78
800/100 mg once daily	once dailya		(1.56 to 2.06)	(1.98 to 2.67)	(2.39 to 3.24)
Didanosine	150 mg	21	1.00	1.00	1.00
400 mg once daily delayed-release capsules taken 2 hours before rilpivirine	once dailya		(0.90 to 1.10)	(0.95 to 1.06)	(0.92 to 1.09)
Ethinyl estradiol/ norethindrone	25 mg once daily	15	↔b	↔b	↔b
0.035 mg once daily/1 mg once daily
Ketoconazole	150 mg	15	1.30	1.49	1.76
400 mg once daily	once dailyb		(1.13 to 1.48)	(1.31 to 1.70)	(1.57 to 1.97)
Lopinavir/ritonavir	150 mg	15	1.29	1.52	1.74
400/100 mg twice daily (soft gel capsule)	once dailya		(1.18 to 1.40)	(1.36 to 1.70)	(1.46 to 2.08)
Methadone	25 mg	12	↔b	↔b	↔b
60 to 100 mg once daily, individualized dose	once daily
Raltegravir	25 mg	23	1.12	1.12	1.03
400 mg twice daily	once daily		(1.04 to 1.20)	(1.05 to 1.19)	(0.96 to 1.12)
Rifabutin	25 mg	18	0.69	0.58	0.52
300 mg once daily	once daily		(0.62 to 0.76)	(0.52 to 0.65)	(0.46 to 0.59)
Rifabutin      300 mg once daily	50 mg once daily	18	1.43 (1.30 to 1.56)	1.16 (1.06 to 1.26)	0.93 (0.85 to 1.01)
			(reference arm for comparison was 25 mg once-daily rilpivirine administered alone)
Rifampin	150 mg	16	0.31	0.20	0.11
600 mg once daily	once dailya		(0.27 to 0.36)	(0.18 to 0.23)	(0.10 to 0.13)
Sildenafil	75 mg	16	0.92	0.98	1.04
50-mg single dose	once dailya		(0.85 to 0.99)	(0.92 to 1.05)	(0.98 to 1.09)
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate	150 mg	16	0.96	1.01	0.99
300 mg once daily	once dailya		(0.81 to 1.13)	(0.87 to 1.18)	(0.83 to 1.16)

Table 14. Effect of Cabotegravir on the Pharmacokinetics of Coadministered Drugs

n = Maximum number of subjects with data, CI = Confidence Interval, NA = Not available.
Coadministered Drug(s) and Dose(s)	Dose of Cabotegravir	n	Geometric Mean Ratio (90% CI) of Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Coadministered Drug with/without Cabotegravir No Effect = 1.00
			Cmax	AUC	Ctau or C24
Ethinyl estradiol	30 mg	19	0.92	1.02	1.00
0.03 mg once daily	once daily		(0.83, 1.03)	(0.97, 1.08)	(0.92, 1.10)
Levonorgestrel	30 mg	19	1.05	1.12	1.07
0.15 mg once daily	once daily		(0.96, 1.15)	(1.07, 1.18)	(1.01, 1.15)
Midazolam	30 mg	12	1.09	1.10	NA
3 mg	once daily		(0.94, 1.26)	(0.95, 1.26)
Rilpivirine	30 mg	11	0.96	0.99	0.92
25 mg once daily	once daily		(0.85, 1.09)	(0.89, 1.09)	(0.79, 1.07)

Table 15. Effect of Rilpivirine on the Pharmacokinetics of Coadministered Drugs

n = Maximum number of subjects with data, CI = Confidence Interval, NA = Not available. a This interaction study has been performed with a dose higher than the recommended dose for rilpivirine (25 mg once daily) assessing the maximal effect on the coadministered drug. b n = (maximum number of subjects with data) for AUC(0-∞) = 15. c AUC(0-last).
Coadministered Drug(s) and Dose(s)	Dose of Rilpivirine	n	Geometric Mean Ratio (90% CI) of Coadministered Drug Pharmacokinetic Parameters with/without EDURANT No Effect = 1.00
			Cmax	AUC	Cmin
Acetaminophen	150 mg	16	0.97	0.91	NA
500-mg single dose	once dailya		(0.86 to 1.10)	(0.86 to 0.97)
Atorvastatin	150 mg	16	1.35	1.04	0.85
40 mg once daily	once dailya		(1.08 to 1.68)	(0.97 to 1.12)	(0.69 to 1.03)
2-hydroxy-atorvastatin			1.58	1.39	1.32
			(1.33 to 1.87)	(1.29 to 1.50)	(1.10 to 1.58)
4-hydroxy-atorvastatin			1.28	1.23	NA
			(1.15 to 1.43)	(1.13 to 1.33)
Chlorzoxazone	150 mg	16	0.98	1.03	NA
500-mg single dose taken 2 hours after rilpivirine	once dailya		(0.85 to 1.13)	(0.95 to 1.13)
Darunavir/ritonavir	150 mg	15	0.90	0.89	0.89
800/100 mg once daily	once dailya		(0.81 to 1.00)	(0.81 to 0.99)	(0.68 to 1.16)
Didanosine	150 mg	13	0.96	1.12	NA
400 mg once daily delayed-release capsules taken 2 hours before rilpivirine	once dailya		(0.80 to 1.14)	(0.99 to 1.27)
Digoxin	25 mg	22	1.06	0.98	NA
0.5-mg single dose	once daily		(0.97 to 1.17)	(0.93 to 1.04)c
Ethinyl estradiol	25 mg	17	1.17	1.14	1.09
0.035 mg once daily	once daily		(1.06 to 1.30)	(1.10 to 1.19)	(1.03 to 1.16)
Norethindrone			0.94	0.89	0.99
1 mg once daily			(0.83 to 1.06)	(0.84 to 0.94)	(0.90 to 1.08)
Ketoconazole	150 mg	14	0.85	0.76	0.34
400 mg once daily	once dailya		(0.80 to 0.90)	(0.70 to 0.82)	(0.25 to 0.46)
Lopinavir/ritonavir	150 mg	15	0.96	0.99	0.89
400/100 mg twice daily (soft gel capsule)	once dailya		(0.88 to 1.05)	(0.89 to 1.10)	(0.73 to 1.08)
Methadone	25 mg	13
60 to 100 mg once daily, individualized dose	once daily
R(‑) methadone			0.86	0.84	0.78
			(0.78 to 0.95)	(0.74 to 0.95)	(0.67 to 0.91)
S(+) methadone			0.87	0.84	0.79
			(0.78 to 0.97)	(0.74 to 0.96)	(0.67 to 0.92)
Metformin	25 mg	20	1.02	0.97	NA
850-mg single dose	once daily		(0.95 to -1.10)	(0.90 to 1.06)b
Raltegravir	25 mg	23	1.10	1.09	1.27
400 mg twice daily	once daily		(0.77 to 1.58)	(0.81 to 1.47)	(1.01 to 1.60)
Rifampin	150 mg	16	1.02	0.99	NA
600 mg once daily	once dailya		(0.93 to 1.12)	(0.92 to 1.07)
25-desacetylrifampin			1.00	0.91	NA
			(0.87 to 1.15)	(0.77 to 1.07)
Sildenafil	75 mg	16	0.93	0.97	NA
50-mg single dose	once dailya		(0.80 to 1.08)	(0.87 to 1.08)
N-desmethyl-sildenafil			0.90	0.92	NA
			(0.80 to 1.02)	(0.85 to 0.99)c
Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate	150 mg	16	1.19	1.23	1.24
300 mg once daily	once dailya		(1.06 to 1.34)	(1.16 to 1.31)	(1.10 to 1.38)

Mechanism of Action

Cabotegravir inhibits HIV integrase by binding to the integrase active site and blocking the strand transfer step of retroviral deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) integration that is essential for the HIV replication cycle. The mean 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) value of cabotegravir in a strand transfer assay using purified recombinant HIV-1 integrase was 3.0 nM.

Rilpivirine is a diarylpyrimidine NNRTI of HIV-1 and inhibits HIV-1 replication by non-competitive inhibition of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT). Rilpivirine does not inhibit the human cellular DNA polymerases α, β, and γ.

Antiviral Activity in Cell Culture

Cabotegravir exhibited antiviral activity against laboratory strains of HIV-1 (subtype B, n = 4) with mean 50 percent effective concentration (EC₅₀) values of 0.22 to 1.7 nM in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and 293 cells. Cabotegravir demonstrated antiviral activity in PBMCs against a panel of 24 HIV-1 clinical isolates (3 in each of group M subtypes A, B, C, D, E, F, and G and 3 in group O) with a median EC₅₀ value of 0.19 nM (range: 0.02 to 1.06 nM, n = 24). The median EC₅₀ value against subtype B clinical isolates was 0.05 nM (range: 0.02 to 0.50 nM, n = 3). Against clinical HIV-2 isolates, the median EC₅₀ value was 0.12 nM (range: 0.10 to 0.14 nM, n = 3).

Rilpivirine exhibited activity against laboratory strains of wild-type HIV-1 in an acutely infected T-cell line with a median EC₅₀ value for HIV-1_IIIB of 0.73 nM (0.27 ng/mL). Rilpivirine demonstrated antiviral activity against a broad panel of HIV-1 group M (subtypes A, B, C, D, F, G, and H) primary isolates with EC₅₀ values ranging from 0.07 nM to 1.01 nM (0.03 to 0.37 ng/mL) and was less active against group O primary isolates with EC₅₀ values ranging from 2.88 nM to 8.45 nM (1.06 to 3.10 ng/mL).

In cell culture, cabotegravir was not antagonistic in combination with the NNRTI rilpivirine, or the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) emtricitabine (FTC), lamivudine (3TC), or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF).

The antiviral activity of rilpivirine was not antagonistic when combined with the NNRTIs efavirenz, etravirine, or nevirapine; the NRTIs abacavir, didanosine, emtricitabine, lamivudine, stavudine, tenofovir, or zidovudine; the protease inhibitors amprenavir, atazanavir, darunavir, indinavir, lopinavir, nelfinavir, ritonavir, saquinavir, or tipranavir; the fusion inhibitor enfuvirtide; the CCR5 co-receptor antagonist maraviroc, or the INSTI raltegravir.

Resistance

Cell Culture: Cabotegravir-resistant viruses were selected during passage of HIV-1 strain IIIB in MT-2 cells in the presence of cabotegravir. Amino acid substitutions in integrase that emerged and conferred decreased susceptibility to cabotegravir included Q146L (fold change: 1.3 to 4.6), S153Y (fold change: 2.8 to 8.4), and I162M (fold change: 2.8). The integrase substitution T124A also emerged alone (fold change: 1.1 to 7.4 in cabotegravir susceptibility), in combination with S153Y (fold change: 3.6 to 6.6 in cabotegravir susceptibility) or I162M (2.8-fold change in cabotegravir susceptibility). Cell culture passage of virus harboring integrase substitutions Q148H, Q148K, or Q148R selected for additional substitutions (C56S, V72I, L74M, V75A, T122N, E138K, G140S, G149A, and M154I), with substituted viruses having reduced susceptibility to cabotegravir of 2.0- to 410-fold change. The combinations of E138K+Q148K and V72I+E138K+Q148K conferred the greatest reductions of 53- to 260‑fold change and 410-fold change, respectively.

Rilpivirine-resistant strains were selected in cell culture starting from wild-type HIV-1 of different origins and subtypes as well as NNRTI-resistant HIV-1. The frequently observed amino acid substitutions that emerged and conferred decreased phenotypic susceptibility to rilpivirine included L100I; K101E; V106I and A; V108I; E138K and G, Q, R; V179F and I; Y181C and I; V189I; G190E; H221Y; F227C; and M230I and L.

Clinical Trials: In the pooled Phase 3 FLAIR (Week 124) and ATLAS (Week 96) analysis, there were 8 confirmed virologic failures (2 consecutive HIV-1 RNA ≥200 copies/mL) on cabotegravir plus rilpivirine (8/591, 1.4%) and 8 confirmed virologic failures on current antiretroviral regimen (8/591, 1.4%). Of the 8 confirmed virologic failures in the cabotegravir plus rilpivirine arm, 7 (88%) had treatment-emergent NNRTI resistance-associated substitutions K101E, V106V/A, V108I, E138A, E138G, E138K, H221H/L, or M230L in reverse transcriptase, and 6 of them showed reduced phenotypic susceptibility to rilpivirine (range: 2- to 27-fold). One additional subject in the ATLAS Extension Switch on cabotegravir plus rilpivirine had emergent NNRTI resistance substitution E138A at Week 80 with HIV-1 RNA >50 copies/mL and <200 copies/mL.

Additionally, 5 of the 8 (63%) cabotegravir plus rilpivirine confirmed virologic failures had treatment-emergent INSTI resistance-associated substitutions and reduced phenotypic susceptibility to cabotegravir: Q148R (n = 2; 5- and 9-fold decreased susceptibility to cabotegravir), G140R (n = 1; 7-fold decreased susceptibility to cabotegravir), N155H (n = 1; 3‑fold decreased susceptibility to cabotegravir), or N155H+R263K (n = 1; 9-fold decreased susceptibility to cabotegravir).

There was another confirmed virologic failure subject at Week 112 in FLAIR who had switched to cabotegravir plus rilpivirine direct to injection at Week 100; there were no INSTI resistance‑associated substitutions detected at failure.

In comparison, in the current antiretroviral regimen arm with 8 confirmed virologic failures, 2 of 7 (29%) who had post-baseline resistance data had treatment-emergent resistance substitutions and phenotypic resistance to their antiretroviral drugs; both had treatment-emergent NRTI substitutions, M184V or I, which conferred resistance to emtricitabine or lamivudine in their regimen, and one of them also had the treatment-emergent NNRTI resistance substitution G190S, which conferred resistance to efavirenz in their regimen.

In the ATLAS-2M trial, there were 11 confirmed virologic failures (2 consecutive HIV-1 RNA ≥200 copies/mL) through Week 48: 9 subjects (1.7%) in the every-2-month treatment arm and 2 subjects (0.4%) in the monthly treatment arm. Of note, 8 of the 11 (73%) subjects met confirmed virologic failure criteria at or before the Week 24 injection visit.

Four of the 9 confirmed virologic failure subjects in the every-2-month arm transitioned from the oral current antiretroviral regimen arm of ATLAS into this trial.

In the every-2-month treatment arm, 8 of 9 (89%) confirmed virologic failure subjects had NNRTI resistance-associated substitutions (E138E/K+V179V/I, K101E+E138A, A98G+K103N, E138K, V179I+Y188L+P225H, Y188L, K103N+E138A, or K101E) at virologic failure. Decreases in rilpivirine susceptibility for these 8 subject isolates ranged from 2- to 30-fold. Six of the 8 subjects with NNRTI resistance-associated substitutions also had INSTI resistance-associated substitutions (L74I+Q148Q/R+N155N/H (n = 2), L74I+T97A+N155H, L74I+N155H, N155H, or L74I+Q148R) at failure with cabotegravir fold changes ranging from 1- to 9-fold. The INSTI polymorphism L74I was detected at baseline in 5 of the virologic failure subjects by a HIV-1 proviral DNA assay.

In the monthly treatment arm, both of the confirmed virologic failure subjects had NNRTI resistance-associated substitutions (K101E+M230L or Y188F+G190Q) at virologic failure with decreased susceptibility to rilpivirine of 17- and >119.2-fold, respectively. Both subjects also had INSTI resistance-associated substitutions (N155N/H or Q148R+E138E/K) at failure with decreased susceptibility to cabotegravir of 2- and 5-fold, respectively. Neither subject had the L74I integrase polymorphism at baseline.

Genotypic Baseline Factors Associated with Virologic Failure

An increased risk of cabotegravir plus rilpivirine confirmed virologic failure is associated with baseline virological factors: HIV-1 subtype A1, the presence of baseline integrase L74I polymorphism, and archived NNRTI resistance-associated substitutions.

Association of Subtype A1 and Baseline L74I Polymorphism in Integrase with Cabotegravir plus Rilpivirine Virologic Failure

Eight of the 18 (44%) cabotegravir plus rilpivirine confirmed virologic failures in FLAIR, ATLAS, and ATLAS-2M had HIV‑1 subtype A1 with 7 of the 8 subtype A1 failures having the integrase polymorphism L74I detected at baseline and failure timepoints (Table 16). There was no detectable phenotypic resistance to cabotegravir conferred by the presence of L74I at baseline. Subtype A1 is uncommon in the U.S.

The presence of the integrase polymorphism L74I in subtype B commonly seen in the U.S. was not associated with virologic failure. In contrast to FLAIR and ATLAS, where all virologic failures were subtype A, A1, or AG, subtypes of the cabotegravir plus rilpivirine virologic failures in ATLAS-2M included A (n = 1), A1 (n = 3), B (n = 4), C (n = 2), and complex/A1 (n = 1).

Association of Archived Baseline NNRTI Substitutions with Cabotegravir plus Rilpivirine Virologic Failure

The presence of archived NNRTI resistance-associated substitutions at baseline detected using an exploratory HIV-1 proviral DNA assay was associated with a higher virologic failure rate in the every-2-month arm of ATLAS-2M and in the cabotegravir plus rilpivirine arm (monthly) of ATLAS compared to without archived NNRTI resistance-associated substitutions (Table 16). However, in clinical practice, it is unlikely baseline resistance testing will be performed on virologically suppressed patients (HIV-1 RNA <50 copies/mL). Thus, in patients with an incomplete or uncertain NNRTI treatment history, consideration should be given before starting cabotegravir plus rilpivirine treatment.

Table 16. Rate of Confirmed Virologic Failure in FLAIR, ATLAS, and ATLAS-2M: Baseline^a Analysis (Subtype Al, Presence of lntegrase Polymorphism L74I, and Presence of Archived NNRTI Resistance-Associated Substitutions)

NNRTI = Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor, CAB+RPV = Cabotegravir + Rilpivirine, CAR = Current Antiretroviral Regimen, RAS = resistance-associated substitutions, NA = Not available. a Baseline and/or Screening result used. b Per Standard Monogram Nomenclature Reports. Based on June 2020 Los Alamos National Library panel, the majority of HIV-1 subtype A1 was reclassified as HIV-1 subtype A6. c L74I and L74L/I mixture. d Baseline/Screening NNRTI substitutions at L100, K101, K103, V106, V108, E138, V179, Y181, Y188, G190, H221, P225, M230.
	FLAIR CAB+RPV N = 283	FLAIR CAR N = 283	ATLAS CAB+RPV N = 308	ATLAS CAR N = 308	ATLAS-2M Q4W N = 523	ATLAS-2M Q8W N = 522
Total confirmed virologic failures	5	4	3	4	2	9
Subtype A1b	4/8 (50%)	1/4 (25%)	1/17 (6%)	0/21 (0%)	0/30 (0%)	4/31 (13%)