Vaccinations in Patients with Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Diseases
Publication Date: January 4, 2023
Introduction
Introduction
Key Points
- Pneumococcal vaccination should be administered to all rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs) patients taking immunosuppressive medication.
- Recombinant zoster vaccination is recommended for RMD patients >18 years of age taking immunosuppressive medication.
- Methotrexate should be held for two weeks after influenza vaccination if disease activity allows.
- Seasonal influenza vaccination should be administered to RMD patients even if their disease is active, they are taking high-dose glucocorticoids, and/or they are on rituximab.
- In RMD patients on rituximab, vaccines other than influenza should be administered at least 6 months after the last rituximab dose.
- Infants exposed to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors in utero should receive rotavirus vaccination in the first 6 months of life.
Glossary of Terms
Adjuvant: An ingredient used in some vaccines that helps create a stronger immune response in people receiving the vaccine.
Immunogenicity: The ability of a vaccine to elicit an immune response.
Reactogenicity: Typical symptoms (e.g., fever, sore arm, muscle aches) which occur shortly (days) after vaccine administration either at the site of vaccination or systemically.
Seroconversion: Development of antibodies to a pathogen, elicited by a vaccine (or infection), in the blood of an individual who previously did not have detectable antibodies.
Seroprotection: An antibody level capable of protecting against infection or disease.
Titer: Numerical value indicating the level of antibody against a particular pathogen.
Immunogenicity: The ability of a vaccine to elicit an immune response.
Reactogenicity: Typical symptoms (e.g., fever, sore arm, muscle aches) which occur shortly (days) after vaccine administration either at the site of vaccination or systemically.
Seroconversion: Development of antibodies to a pathogen, elicited by a vaccine (or infection), in the blood of an individual who previously did not have detectable antibodies.
Seroprotection: An antibody level capable of protecting against infection or disease.
Titer: Numerical value indicating the level of antibody against a particular pathogen.
Table 1. Guideline Scope
Medications
Immunosuppressive medications
Glucocorticoids
(prednisone, methylprednisolone, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone)
Conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDS)
Biologic DMARDS
Targeted synthetic DMARDS
(prednisone, methylprednisolone, dexamethasone, hydrocortisone)
Conventional synthetic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDS)
- Methotrexate
- Leflunomide
- Azathioprine
- Mycophenolate mofetil/mycophenolic acid
- Calcineurin inhibitors (cyclosporine, tacrolimus, voclosporin)
- Cyclophosphamide
Biologic DMARDS
- TNF inhibitors (etanercept, adalimumab, certolizumab, golimumab, infliximab)
- Interleukin (IL) 6 receptor inhibitors (tocilizumab, sarilumab)
- IL17 inhibitors (secukinumab, ixekizumab)
- IL12/23 inhibitors (ustekinumab)
- IL23 inhibitors (guselkumab, tildrakizumab, risankizumab)
- IL1 inhibitors (anakinra, canakinumab, rilonacept)
- T cell co-stimulation inhibitor (CTLA4-Ig/abatacept)
- B cell depleting agents (rituximab, ocrelizumab, obinutuzumab)
- BLyS/BAFF inhibitors (belimumab, tabalumab)
- Interferon alpha receptor inhibitor (anifrolumab)
Targeted synthetic DMARDS
- Janus kinase ( JAK) inhibitors (tofacitinib, baricitinib, upadacitinib, filgotinib, ruxolitinib)
Non-immunosuppressive medications
- Hydroxychloroquine
- Sulfasalazine
- Colchicine
- Apremilast
- Denosumab
- Intravenous immunoglobulin G (IVIG)
Vaccinesa
Non-live attenuated
Seasonal influenza
Standard dose, high dose, adjuvanted
Pneumococcal
Other
Standard dose, high dose, adjuvanted
Pneumococcal
- Polysaccharide (PPSV23)
- Conjugate (PCV13)b
Other
- Hemophilus influenza b
- Hepatitis A
- Hepatitis B
- Human papilloma virus (HPV)
- Inactivated polio
- Meningococcus B
- Meningococcus ACWY
- Tetanus toxoid/Td/Tdap
- Typhoid (injectable)
- Zoster sub-unit (Shingrix)
Live-attenuated
- Influenza (intranasal)
- MMR
- Rotavirus
- Typhoid (oral)
- Varicella
- Yellow fever
- Zoster (Zostavax)
Rheumatic and musculoskeletal disorders
Inflammatory arthropathies
- Rheumatoid arthritis
- Psoriatic arthritis
- Ankylosing spondylitis
- Spondyloarthritis
- Enthesitis-related arthritis
- Inflammatory bowel disease-associated arthritis
- Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
Connective tissue diseases
- Systemic lupus erythematosus
- Sjogren’s syndrome
- Systemic sclerosis
- Idiopathic inflammatory myopathies
- Mixed connective tissue disease
- Undifferentiated connective tissue disease
- Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome
Vasculitides
- Granulomatosis with polyangiitis
- Microscopic polyangiitis
- Eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis
- Giant cell arteritis
- Polyarteritis nodosa
- Takayasu’s arteritis
- Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis
- Relapsing polychondritis
- Behcet’s disease
- Kawasaki’s disease
- IgA vasculitis (Henoch-Schönlein Purpura)
- Primary central nervous system vasculitis
- Goodpasture’s syndrome (anti-GBM)
- Cogan’s syndrome
- Cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis
- Rheumatoid vasculitis
- Urticarial vasculitis
Other inflammatory disorders
- Sarcoidosis
- Adult-onset Still’s disease
- Polymyalgia rheumatica
- Gout
- Pseudogout
- IgG4-related disease
- Autoinflammatory disorders
a COVID-19 vaccines were not included in this guideline because of the fast-changing face of the pandemic and related literature.
b The recently approved pneumococcal vaccines, PCV15 and PCV20, were not included in the evidence review but are discussed in the text of the guideline. Please refer to current CDC guidelines for specific pneumococcal vaccination strategies. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/pneumo/hcp/who-when-to-vaccinate.html
Treatment
...Treatme...
...rinciples Indicated vaccinations shoul...
...Table 2. Summary o...
...Expanded ind...
Influenza vaccinationFor RMD patients aged ≥6...
...coccal vaccinationFor patients with RMD age...
...inant varicella zoster virus (VZV)...
...nation (Gardisil)For patients with RMD aged >26...
...Whether t...
...nts, holding methotrexate for 2 weeks...
..., continuing immunosuppressive medications other...
...ients, continuing immunosuppressive medica...
...Timing v...
...patients receiving rituximab, administering infl...
...ts receiving rituximab, deferring non-liv...
...Whether t...
...or RMD patients who are on the equivalent of...
...ients who are on the equivalent of prednisone...
...or RMD patients on the equivalent of pre...
...D patients who are on the equivalent of...
...Whether to defe...
...patients with RMD, giving non-live attenuated v...
...Managing immuno...
...MD patients who are taking immunosuppr...
...ts, holding immunosuppressive medicati...
...When to admin...
...infants with second and/or third t...
...fants with second and/or third trimeste...
...D patients, giving multiple vaccinations on the s...
...able 3. Immunosuppressive Medicatio...