
Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
Key Background
Key Background
- ATC patients have a historical median survival of about 5 months and a 1-year overall survival of 20%.
Table 1. Key Steps in the Management of Anaplastic Thyroid Cancer
- Rapidly and definitively establish the diagnosis
Because ATC is a highly dedifferentiated cancer that retains few characteristics of noncancerous thyroid cells, attaining a definitive diagnosis can be challenging, yet critical. Time is also of the essence because of the very rapid growth rate of ATC and due to the importance of early intervention in minimizing catastrophic airway compromise.- Differential considerations/mimics can include primary thyroid lymphoma, SCC of the head and neck, and metastatic cancer (especially from lung).
- Early assessment of tumor mutations is key in expanding therapeutic options.
- Attain multidisciplinary team engagement and coordination
Coordinate early multidisciplinary involvement of surgeons, radiation and medical oncologists, endocrinologists, and palliative care teams to arrive at options for best care as outlined below. - Determine extent of disease
- Staging with imaging is required to classify as stage IVA, IVB, IVC; this is best done with FDG PET/CT and/or alternatively with dedicated body CT or MR imaging.
- Extent of local invasion must also be evaluated in parallel to assist in surgical decision making, and requires laryngoscopy.
- Undertake patient counseling in order to establish individualized patient goals of care
Counseling must be provided by a team/individuals skilled in the surgical, medical, and palliative management of complex thyroid malignancies in which tradeoffs counterbalancing risks and benefits with goals of care are completely discussed. This counseling should best involve not only the patient but also involve supportive individuals/family members. - Evaluate Surgical Options
- The primary goals in stages IVA and IVB ATC patients within an aggressive approach to their care are complete resection and prompt transition to adjuvant definitive-intention therapy, as long-term survival may be attainable. Thus, surgical procedures should not generate a wound or result in complications that would prevent chemotherapy and radiation onset due to the risk of wound breakdown given the lack of data supporting an association between increased extent of surgery and improved survival outcomes.
- In IVC ATC, the limited benefit resulting from surgery must be carefully tempered in consideration of other available palliative approaches, including radiation and systemic therapy.
- Surgical decision making
Rapidly assess resectability determining tumor invasion of the larynx, trachea, esophagus and status of the major vessels of the neck. Consider the need for tracheotomy, extent of thyroidectomy, neck dissection, and the need to avoid laryngectomy, esophageal resection, and major vessel reconstruction. Balancing morbidity from surgery with expected benefits within the context of patient anticipated prognosis and individualized goals of care is paramount.
Considerations:- Performance score/status
- Presence of distant metastasis
- Extent of local invasion of trachea and esophagus
- Need for urgent tracheostomy, understanding that placement of a tracheostomy results in immediate improvement in upper airway obstruction but requires significant education for care and understanding that tumor location and growth may make management of the tracheotomy complex
- Patient goals of care and willingness to accept anticipated morbidity of planned surgery
- Non-surgical management decision making
Other than surgery, options may include post-operative or primary chemoradiation versus palliative radiotherapy, systemic therapy or best supportive care considered within the context of:- Patient goals of care and willingness to accept anticipated toxicities of presented options
- Patient performance status and comorbidities and their impacts on feasibility of planned care
- Trade-offs from one approach to care versus alternatives
- Keep hospice/end of life care discussions in the foreground
- Given the historically dire prognosis of ATC, especially if stage IVC, hospice should always be presented among care options.
- Truth telling and realistic presentation of anticipated prognosis are critical in allowing sound patient decisions within their individual goals of care.
- For some patients, hospice may be preferable—even from the outset—in comparison with other alternative care options.
Terms and Definitions
TNM Staging
Extent of Resection
Adjuvant Therapy and Neoadjuvant Therapy
Oligometastatic Disease
Definition of Therapeutic Terms
Standard Radiation Prescription
Altered Fractionation
Radiotherapy Dose
Definitive-intention radiotherapy is high-dose radiation given with or without concurrent chemotherapy with the intent of maximizing the chance of long-term local control. Examples range from 50 Gy in 20 fractions, 2.5 Gy per fraction over 4 weeks at the low end, to 70 Gy in 35 fractions, 2 Gy per fraction over 7 weeks at the high end.
Palliative-intention Radiotherapy is lower dose radiotherapy given over a shorter time period with the primary aim of improving local symptoms and achieving initial disease control while minimizing hospital/clinic visits. This may be directed to the primary tumor or to metastases. Typical examples could be 20 Gy in 5 fractions, 4 Gy per fraction over 1 week and 30 Gy in 10 fractions, 3 Gy per fraction over 2 weeks.
Conformal Radiation
Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT)
Radiosurgery and Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy (Stereotactic Radio-surgeries)
Concurrent Chemoradiation
Chemotherapy
Genomic Tumor Assessment
Genetically-informed Targeted Therapy
Bridging Therapy
RECIST Response
Diagnosis
...Diagnosis...
...Cytology, Histopath...
...1FNA cytology can play an important di...
...Every effort should be made to establish a...
...Routine surgical pathology evaluation...
Recommendation 4Once ATC diagnosis i...
...tion 5Molecular profiling should be perfo...
...Init...
Recommendation 6Initial radiological t...
...Statement 1In the event that biopsy of a sus...
...tatement 2All critical appointments and assess...
...dation 7Every patient with ATC should under...
...of Routine Immunohistochemical Markers f...
...able 3. Initial Evaluation for Staging,...
Treatment
...Tr...
...Establishing...
...commendation 8Comprehensive disease-s...
...ractice Statement 3Patients must have under...
...tatement 4Patients should be encou...
...ce Statement 5A “goals-of-care” discussion s...
...ion 9The treatment team should include pal...
...commendation 10The treatment team should eng...
...endation 11At all stages of palliative care...
Surgical Man...
...n 12For patients with confined (stage IVA/IVB)...
...ation 13Radical resection (including laryn...
...Statement 6If surgery is undertaken,...
...tatement 7In patients without impending airway...
...Radiotherapy and Syst...
...endation 14Following R0 or R1 resect...
...e Statement 8Radiation therapy should begin no...
...e Statement 9Patient goals of care, medica...
...ractice Statement 10Cytotoxic chemother...
...mmendation 15The ATA recommends that patients who...
...commendation 16In patients with unresectable di...
...od Practice Statement 11In patients of p...
...ion 17Among patients who are to receive radioth...
...mmendation 18The use of cytotoxic chemot...
...Systemic Therapeutic App...
...ecommendation 19Among ATC patients w...
...ation 20In BRAFV600E-mutated IVC and...
...ndation 21In BRAFV600E-mutated unresectable stag...
...tion 22In BRAF non-mutated patients, ra...
...commendation 23In NTRK or RET fusion ATC pat...
...ndation 24In IVC ATC patients with high PD-...
...ctice Statement 12Patients with BRA...
...commendation 25In metastatic ATC p...
...Practice Statement 13Therapeutic d...
...Practice Statement 14Since prognosis...
...26In ATC patients considering therapy, the A...
...mendation 27In ATC patients with neur...
...mmendation 28In ATC patients with b...
...e Statement 15Patients with brain metastase...
...Approaches to B...
...endation 29In patients with ATC with s...
...on 30In patients with ATC with bone metastasi...
...commendation 31In patients with ATC with bone m...
...ce Statement 16In patients on systemic the...
...Approaches to Other Sit...
Systemic therapy as described above i...
...Approaches to Oligop...
...ctice Statement 11In patients on system...
...Initial Treatment of Stages IVA and IVB...
...e 2. Stage IVC...
...ure 3. ATC Suspected Cli...
.... Informed Consent Checklist Th...
...able 5. Airway Evaluation, Inclusion, and Excl...
...les of Concurrent (in Combination with Radiati...